Thirty two sucking swiss mice, injected intracerebrally with as attenuated strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and thereafter sacrificed under ether nacrosis at time points of 3,5,7 and 9 days post inoculation (8 animals/time point). Pathological lesions in the brain. were examined. These lesions were in the form of congestion, hemorrhages, gilosis and encephalomalacia.
Twenty eight sucklimg Swiss mice, injected with PPRV through the same route and kept under keen clinical observation period of one month did not exhibit any apparent clinical moribund symptoms. The injected virus could not be rescued from the brains of sacrificed animals. The issue of PPRV (attenuated strain) replication in the central nervous system of suckling Swiss mice is dicussed.

Thirty two suckling Swiss mice, injected intracerebrally with an attenuated strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and thereafter sacrified under ether narcosis at time points of 3,5,7 and 9 days post inoculation (8 animals/ time point). Pathological lesions in the brain, were examined. These lesions were in the form of congestion, hemorrhages, gliosis and encephalomalacia.
Twenty eight suckling Swiss mice, injected with PPRV though the same route and kept under keen clinical observation period of one month did not exhibit any apparent clinical moribund symptoms. The injected virus could not be rescued from the brains of sacriifed animals. The issue of PPRV (attenuated strain) replication in the central nervous system of suckling Swiss mice is discussed.

This study determined the usefuless of saponin as adjuvant additive to the diluents of live bovine ephemeral fever vaccine (BEF). Firstly the cytotoxicity and antiviral effect of saponin were investigated on BHK-21 cells and against BEF virus respectively where it was found that concentration 0.1 and 0.2 µg/ml of saponin did not induce cytotoicity in BHK-21 cells while an antiviral effect was noticed against 100TCID50 of BEF virus. Saponin showed its antiviral effect against BEF virus when it was inoculated either before or simultaneously with of after one hours of virus inoculation. Addition of 0.2 µg of saponin/ dose of live BEF vaccine inactivate the virus and induced higher antibody titers by the first week post the first vaccination than that induced by the gel vaccine alone. Such antibody levels still higher with saponin than the gel vaccine up to 4 months 2nd booster dose suggesting the performance of long duration of immunity. So it could be recommended to add saponin to live BEF vaccine as inactivator on the time of vaccination providing safe and highly potent vaccine.

Thirty serial passages of local IBD virus on chicken bursal cell culture (CB) were prepared and titrated. After every 5 passages the virus was inoculated into ten 21 day-old chicken and observed for 21 days post , infection then challenged with virulent IBD virus. The 20th passage induced complete loss of virus pathogenicity and gave 100% protection and used for preparation of live attenuated CB cell culture IBDV vaccine. The evaluation of the prepared vaccine was carried out for sterility, safety and potency. The potency test was performed by measuring humoral immune response as well as protection percentage against virulent IBDV. The neutralizing antibody titre in sera of chickens vaccinated with tissue culture vaccine was higher than thosevaccinated with other commercial vaccine. The efficacy of the prepared vaccine was estimaled for up to four months.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the immune response of pregnant ewes to simultaneous vaccination with Pneumo-4 (IBR, PI-3, BVD and BRSV virus) and pneumobac (Mannheimia, haemolytica, p.trehalosi and p.multocida), in addition , to maternal immunity transferred through colostrum to their offspring. The immune response against these antigens was estimated serologically in pregnant ewes, colostrums and newly born lambs until four months of age. All vaccinated ewes either with single or simultaneous vaccination responded serologically well and exhibited significant increased in antibody titers as compared with titers of controls. Colostral antibody titers were positively associated with those of ewes at lambing and in the neonatal lambs. In conclusion pregnant ewes can be safely vaccinated through simultaneous vaccination with pneumo-4 and pneumobac vaccines to control viral and bacterial respiratory affection in newly born lambs.

Equine influenza virus (A/equi-2 \Cairo-2\2000, H3N8) with egg passage 6 (EP6) was inactivated by 0.1% formaline (40% formaldehyde) and complete inactivation was achieved after 24 hours at 37C. two forms of monovalent equine influenza vaccine were prepared using different adjuvants, the first with DEAE- Dastran, while the other with Alhydragel and saponin. Both vaccine forms (freeze dried and liquid one) proved to be safe and potent for horses and G. pigs. The mean HI antibody titres in G. Pigs (three weeks post inoculation) were 1408, 1344, while in horses (six weeks post inoculation) were 640, 480 respectively for both vaccines. The antibody titre in horses vaccinated with both vaccine forms were monitored and persisted at protective level for one year. The keeping quality of thelocally prepared EI monvalent inactivated vaccine either freeze- dried, reconstituted in DEAE-Dextran or the liquid one were studied and the shelf validity for both vaccines were found to be stable at 4°C for one year, while the freeze dried one can be kept at -20°C for three years

Tissue culture inactivated freeze dried EHV-1 vaccine was successfully prepared from the locally isolated strain, egg passage 3 (EP3) with a titre of 7 log10 EID50/ml after 6th tissue culture passage with a titre of 9 log10 TCID50/ml. the virus was completely inactivated by 0.008 MBEI after 24 hours at 37C. The vaccine was reconstituted in DEAE-Dextran as adjuvant just before inoculation. The vaccine was proved to be safe and immunogenic when tested in pregnant mares and mice. The virus neutralizing antibody titre in the inoculated horses was monitored and persisted with a protective level (30 neutralizing antibody) for 6 months. The keeping quality of the prepared vaccine was studied and its shelf validity was found to be stable at -20°C for two years, at 4°C for one years and in room temperature for six months.

Sheep pox “SP” goat “GP” and lumpy skin disease were propagated and titrated individually in Vero or MDBK cell culture and their titres were 5.6, 5.3 and 5.2 log10 TCID50 /ml respectively. The viral proteins of these viruses were estimated by Bradford and Lowery techniques using spectrophotometer. The first technique depends on standard curve while the second based on Lowery equation. The quantity of viral proteins 0.306, 1.440 and 2.074 mg/ml for SPV, GPV and LSDV respectively by using Lowery techniques, while in Bradford technique, the viral proteins were 0.287, 1.297 and 1.986 mg/ml for SPV, GPV and LSDV respectively. The results in Lowery technique were more sensitive and accurate than those obtained by Bradford technique.

Equine influenza virus ( A/equi-2/ Cairo-2/2000, H3N8) with egg passage 6 (Ep6) was inactivated by 0.1% formalin (40% formaldehyde) and complete inactivation was achieved after 24 hours at 37o C.
two forms of monovalent equine influenza vaccine were prepared using different adjuvants, the first with DEAE- Dextran, while the other with alhydragel and saponin. Both vaccine forms (freeze dried and liquid one) proved to be safe and potent for horses and G. pigs. The mean HI antibody titres in G. Pigs( three weeks post inoculation) were 1408, 1344, while in horses( six weeks post inoculation) were 640, 480 respectively for both vaccines.
The antibody titre in horses vaccinated with both vaccine forms were monitored and persisted at protective level for one year.
The keeping quality of the locally prepared EI monovalent inactivated vaccine either freeze- dried, reconstituted in DEAE- Dextran or the liquid one were studied and the shelf validity for both vaccines were found to be stable at 4o C for one year, while the freeze dried one can be kept at -20oC for three years

Escherichia coli O 157 antigen share elements with Brucella smooth strain which cause cross reactivity in serological standard tests for brucellosis. In infected animals which Escherichia coli O 157: H7, antibodies against E. coli cross react with the Brucella antigens (strain 99 Rose Bengal test). Consequently , Brucellosis is difficult to diagnosis because shared with E. coli O 157:H7. the aim of this study was to elaborate on a method of antigen preparation that is useful in detecting specific antibodies against each bacterial strain without cross reactivity. In this study, sera were examined from animals that are: vaccinated with Brucella vaccines (Rev 1 and S19); naturally infected with Escherichia coli O 157:H7 and Brucellosis; and experimentally infected with Escherichia coli O 157:H7, wild field Brucella melitensis, and other E. coli serotypes. All those sera were examined for antibodies against the developed two antigens. Cross reaction disappeared. E. coli O 157:H7 antibodies failed to react with the modified Brucella antigen and Brucella antibodies failed to react with the colored antigen of E. coli O 157:H7. In effect we were able to demonstrate mixed infection and prove the effectively of the developed antigens. This implicity proves that the developed antigens have a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. They could be useful tool for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological studies of E. coli O 157:H7 infection and Brucellosis in animals with potential use in humans.