This study was carried out on laboratory mice for calrifiyng the immune response after vaccination with E.coli K99 vaccine. The prepared vaccine was administred intramuscullary and orally in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Serological tests were carried out to evaluate the imune response. The obtained results revealed that, a significant increase in the level of antibodies in sera of intermuscullary vaccinate mice, reached 1882, 1592 in pregnant and non pregnant group respectively, while reached 1205 in orally vaccinated group. The vaccine induces best protection after challenge of pregnant and non-pregnant vaccinated mice given by I/M injection with protection rate of 85% in both of them while in orally vaccinated group the protection rate was 90% due to presence of IgA. From the high protection rate due to stimulaneous of local innmuity.

This work has been designed to investigate the protective potential of chicken egg yolk and experimentally infected with salmonella typhirium showed survival rate of 92 % and absence of infected bacteria compared to non treated group (20 %) . histopathological examination revealed that treated group showed completed absence of histopathological changes in intestine and only few histopathological changes in liver and heart, while non treated group showed mucosal goblet, cells formation with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia in serosa of intestine, significant infiltration of liver with leucocytic cells in hepatic tissue with necrotic changes and the heart showed leucocytic inflamantory cells infiltration in between bundles of degenerated cardiac muscles.
So chicken egg yolk can be used in enhancing the immune system and could be effective in protecting animal species against salmonella infection.

Rabbits are important animals as economic source of animal protein and due to teir role in medical science. Disease problems of such animals cuase great economic losses. the present review deals with problems of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital systems and dermatologic, neurologic, ophthalmic diseases caused by bacterial, viral, parastic and fungal infections. Symptoms and treatment of such diseases are also mntioned.

Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been annually isolated during the recent years in Egypt. There is no sufficient local data about the genetic changes occurred in the virus, which makes tracing of its oritgin difficult. The characteristics of the FMDV that caused sporadic cases in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt in late 2010 have not yet been reported . Suspected FMD virus samples, Tongue epithelium (TE) and vesicular fluid (VF) were isolated on cell-culture monolayer of baby Hamster Kidney (BHK-21) cells and suckling baby mice then serotype by complement fixation test (CFT). Direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) and agar gel immune diffusion test (AGIDT) used as confirmatory tests. Cell culture grown virus that was identified as serotype O "FMD virus by complement fixation test. It was found that all virus isolates shared a closer relationships to the current strain with r-value" ranged between were 0.86-0.88 by using virus neutralization test.
In addition, molecular detection, nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained FMDV isolates are performed to study the molecular epidemiology of the virus. Changes in the sequence of the VP1 coding region of these viruses were identified. RNA extracted from either clinical or cell culture grown virus was subjected to Real time – Polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR and specific amplified DNA segments for FMD were amplified. Nucleotide sequencing of FMDV VP1 gene was determined. The phylogenic analysis revealed that the isolated FMDV virus in Kafr El- Sheikh Governorates 2010 was homologous with O/Sharquia 72 and the used vaccinal strain O1/3/Aga93.

Rabbits are important animal as economic source of animal protein and due to their role in edical science. Disease problems of such animals cause great economic losses. The present review deals with problems of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital systems and dermatologic, neurologic, ophthalmic diseases caused bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections. Symptoms and treatment of such diseases are also mentioned.

Preliminary study was done to spot light on the effect of lyophilization (freeze-drying process) on stability and immunogenicity of inactivated avian influenza (AI) virus using two different stabilizer-skimmed milk and lactose peptone buffer. The lyophilized inactivated virus was tested with two different adjuvants for reconstitution (DEAE-Dextran and Mantonide oil. The best immune response among vaccinated birds groups as measured by Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) achived by using lactose peptone buffer as virus stabilizer and DEAE-Dextran as adjuvant, followed by the group vaccinated with freeze dried inactivated virus with the same stabilizer coordinated with Mantonide oil as adjuvant. When skimmed milk was used as virus stabilizer, results were acceptable. Stability of the two selected batches that were serological proved to be the most successful revealed that the virus antigen was having an immunogenic effect for six month when kept at -20°C or 4°C when reconstituted and inoculated in susceptible chicken.

Inactivated equine influenza from local isolate and tetanus toxoid (EITT) vaccine adjuvanted with saponin was prepared. It was inoculated into Guinea pigs as preliminary evaluation for its potency, which exceeds the permissible protective level allowed to be used for vaccination of horses. The vaccine proved to be safe and potent for horses and Guinea pigs. The mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres (3 weeks post vaccination) were 704 and 200 and the mean toxin neutralization (TN) antibodies (2 weeks after boostering) were 37.9 and 45 IU/ml respectively. The antibody titre in vaccinated horses was monitored up to 6 months post revaccination. The keeping quality of the prepared vaccine was studied for one year. It was found to be stable when stored at 4°C.

Aloe extract was used as diet supplementation in a group of rats experimentally infected with salmonella typhimurium. It was found that rats that fed on diet with aloe extract for 30 days, then experimentally infected with salmonella typhimurium showed survival rate92% in comparison with group of rats fed on ration without aloe extract and experimentally infected with salmonella typhimurium. Histopathological examination revealed that treated group with rats of aloe extract showed few hidtopathological changes, while those non-treated group showed significant infiltration of liver with mature and premature leucocytic cells in hepatic tissue with severe necrotic changes moreover, the heart of such untreated group with aloe extract showed leucocytic inflammatory cells infiltration between the bundles of degenerated cardiac muscles.

The present work was carried out in a trial to overcome the possible obstacles
which may face the evaluation of egg drop syndrome (EDS) vaccine through the application of the challenge test using the virulent virus. It spots the light on the relationship between the levels of EDS antibodies in vaccinated hens and the quality and quantity of laid eggs from these hens. Live attenuated chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture (CEF) and inactivated duck egg EDS vaccines were used to such purpose where they were used to vaccinate 2 groups of hens at 4 and 16 weeks of age. The induced antibodies in vaccinated hens were followed up using hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) and serum neutralization test (SNT) revealing that all vaccinated hens exhibited high levels of specific EDS antibodies confirming the production of good quality and quantity of eggs.

A preliminiary attempt for possibility of attenuating a local isolate of pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) was investigated by passaging in weanling mice, aiming for using it as live immunizing agent. After five passages by intracerebral (I/C) route, the virus showed significant reduction of its virulence for SPF chicken embryos and susceptible pigeons as judged by mean death time (MDT), intravenous and intracerebral pathogenicity index (IVPI and ICPI). Disminished pathogenicity was observed without losing its immunogenicity as proved by developing antibody after 21 days. Titre in inoculated pigeons reached 6.8 log2 and 6.5 log2 on the fourth and fifth passages respectively. Such titer level was satisfactory enough to resist inoculation with the virulent strain. Achieved results were highly promising as successful attempt for encouarging further investigation aimed to prepare alive attenuated immunogenic, low cost and effective (PPMV-1) vaccine.