The study aimed to predict the production of wheat and bean crops using the time series for the production of wheat and bean crops during the period (1987 - 2019), which took a random, unstable context. Durban Watson test was used to verify the autocorrelation between the residuals in the time series under study where the autocorrelation function and partial autocorrelation function showed the existence of the problem of autocorrelation between the residuals.Usingthe Exponential smoothing models, which is one of the time-series processing models showed high efficiency to predict the production of wheat and bean crops.The best model among the models proposed in this study to predict the yield of wheat and beans was the Double Exponential Smoothing (Holt), where the prediction production for wheat crop is estimated at 57495, 57005, 56515 and 56025 thousand ardeb during the period (2022-2025), respectively.The prediction for the production of bean crop is estimated at 686, 652, 618, 585 thousand ardeb during the period (2022-2025), respectively
The study recommends using exponential smoothing models as one of the ways to address the instability of time series, taking into account the predictions given by the proposed models to develop future plans to face the shortfall in the production of the wheat and bean crops under study, as well as applying these models to more important strategic crops

The maize crop is considered one of the most important cereal crops and one of the strategic crops in the Egyptian food pattern. The study aimed to estimate the amount and value of virtual water for foreign trade to achieve relative food security for maize in Egypt, by estimating the total water footprint and its various indicators, and estimating the strategic stock and food security factor. The most important results were that the average strategic stock of maize in Egypt amounted to about 3,478 million tons, and that the average local annual consumption of the crop amounted to about 13.37 million tons, and then the food security factor reached about 0.260, and the average water needs per ton amounted to about 1022 m3, as an average for the period (2006-2020). It is clear that the total amount of virtual water for trade to achieve the full level The food security of maize ranges between a minimum and a maximum, where the minimum is about 6516 million m3, with a financial value of about 2052 million pounds, and the maximum is about 17213 million m3, with a financial value of about 5422 million pounds at the same confidence period.
By studying the economic return of the maize crop, it was found that the total production of the crop during the period (2006-2020) amounted to about 6829 thousand tons, with water needs amounting to about 6393 million m3, with a value of about 2014 million pounds, while the imported amount of the crop amounted to 6783 thousand tons to dam The food gap, and by applying the principle of virtual water and the water foot print of the maize crop, it was found that the amount of water that was imported amounted to about 7089 million m3, with a value of about 2233 million pounds.
The study recommends directing the amount of virtual water resulting from importing maize, amounting to about 7,089 million m 3 to grow other crops for the same season, and directing Egyptian agricultural investment in some countries that have abundant water resources, and decision makers should adopt the concept of virtual water when developing the future strategy for the agricultural sector.

The present work was carried out at the Agriculture Research Station of Shandwell during the two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019 to assess the yield potential of 20 peanut genotypes. Genotype by trait biplot (GT) and genotype by yield*trait (GYT) analyses were automated to obtain information on genotypes for selection based on multiple traits (nine traits) and appreciate the relationships between these attributes. Applying biplot analyses to the multiple trait data revealed that genotype by yield*trait (GYT) graphically facilitated visual, more effective and clearer in providing information about the superior genotypes and the relationships between the yield and its components genotype compared to trait biplot (GT). Also, ranking genotypes was tested by a superiority index that collective yield and other target traits with the GYT biplot. In the GYT biplot, yield-trait combinations clearly appeared that the best genotypes defined for all traits, whereas in the genotype × trait (GT) biplot, the best genotypes were not known for all traits. The promising genotypes being No. 7, 16 and 17 are clearly observed using the GYT biplot technique.

The scarcity of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas is considered a threat to agricultural sustainability. Therefore, approaches are needed to rationalize use of irrigation water without reducing crop productivity or degrading soil properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different organic amendments (O1 = control, O2 = compost, and O3 = vermicompost) combined with different rates of nano- zinc foliar spraying (Zn1 = 0, Zn2 = 1 and Zn3 = 2 gm/L), under irrigation supplements (I1 = 100%, I2 = 85%, and I3 = 65% of water requirements) on clay soil characteristics, on the production of Egyptian barley Giza 126. Over two successive winter growing seasons, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, field experiments were conducted as a split-split plot design with three replications. The results show that using vermicompost is an appropriate organic amendment to improve the physical and chemical properties of soils as compared with compost. Application of vermicompost led to a reduction in soil salinity (ECe), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and soil bulk density (BD), of -5.67%, -5.44%, and -2.21%, respectively; there was a significant increase in soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (A.N), and field capacity (F.C.), of 43.75%, 14.37%, and 18.65%, respectively, compared with unamended soil (O1). The maximum values for grain yield were increased by 13.2% and 14.9% in both seasons, respectively, and the irrigation water productivity of barley was increased more than compost and control. Vermicompost increased the irrigation water productivity for grain (1.69 and 1.69 kg grain m-3) and straw (1.23 and 1.17 kg straw m-3) in the first and second season, respectively. Similar trends were also observed from treatments on the water applied, stored water, and water application efficiency. Application of vermicompost and nano-Zn foliar spraying could be exploited for the development of barley growth and yield, which are enhanced under water-saving irrigation strategies.

This investigation was carried out at Bahteem farm Genetic resources research department ,field crop research institute , Agricultural Research Center ,Giza , Egypt during two growing seasons 2018/19 and 2019/20. Twenty landraces with two faba bean check landraces were grown in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications to determine the genetic variability, morphological diversity and relationships among these landraces for agro-morphological and biochemical characteristics. Analysis of variance revealed high variability among all measured genotypes with respect to all agronomic and protein characteristic studied traits. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed; the first principal component had 54.40% and 37.90% of the total variation (PC1) and the second principle component (PC2) explained 14.30% and 24.90% of the total variation for morphological and biochemical traits, respectively . The cumulative ratio of the first six primary components explained all variations of total variation. The studied faba bean landraces were distribution among PC biplot and clustered indicated distribution of studied material (matched with measured checks) by cluster or heat-map analysis. The results clustered or distributed differently based on morphological and biochemical traits. Then, GT biplot used to clear the relationship among the studied faba bean traits and landraces, showing that number of seeds and pods were the most positive effective traits in faba bean seed yield, causing highest harvest index. Results revealed that landrace G16 and G19 with the highest check Giza716 recorded the highest values of seed yield, number of seeds, number of pods and harvest index. GT biplot graph is a good preferred alternative procedure for each of correlation and cluster analyses and considered an effective technique beside or instead of cluster analysis for facility the interpretations. From all results, this work has provided useful data for elaboration of strategies for the conservation and sustainable management of the better genetic source germplasm and for Vicia faba improvement genetically

The efficacy of pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with a magnetic field for 0, 15, 30, and 60 mints were studied on the natural infestation with Tetranychus urticae, Thrips tabaci, Phenacoccus solenopsis, and Bemisia tabaci. Also, plant growth parameters and yield were considered under full and half irrigation rates over two successive summer seasons of 2020 and 2021 in Egypt. Results showed a positive enhancing plant defense effect of these treatments on soybean crops with a reduction in T. urticae and other piercing-sucking insects over the two seasons. The population of T. urticae and other piercing-sucking insect pests over the two years was in a significant negative relation with seeds magnetic exposure times as well as with irrigation amount. Reduced irrigation rate did not affect crop quality parameters (i.e. plant length, No. of branches/plant, weight of pods/plant, and seeds yield). The response to seeds' different magnetic exposure times on yield quantity (i.e. carbohydrates, protein, chlorophyll, ash, and oil contents) was determined as third degree of a polynomial model. The seeds' exposure times of 15 or 30 min. were significantly higher than 0 and 60 min.

In Egypt barley cultivated in new and outlying lands, its yield and quality affected by salinity as abiotic and weeds as biotic stresses which constraints to barley production. Two lysimeter experiments were conducted during seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 winter seasons. In the present work, studied four saline water levels (2.33,4,8 and 12dSm-1) to distinguish the salinity stress tolerance among four of Egyptian barley cultivars (Giza 123, Giza 132, Giza 137 and Giza 138), in addition to find a suitable weed control treatments under salinity stress using three factors in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications The main findings illustrated that four SSR primers (Bmac 0040, EBmac0871, Bmag 135 and Bmag 770) were generated clear patterns with the high polymorphism (100%); and enable plant breeders to select individual plants based on their marker pattern (genotype) rather than their observable traits (phenotype). Using Bmag 770, amplified specific allele with molecular size 260 bp found in the salt tolerance cultivars (Giza 123 and Giza 137) as a tolerant to salinity. Each of the three studied factors (salinity, weed stress and weed control treatments) individually and their interactions had a significant effect on weed populations and on barley yield economically. The interaction among the factors of the trial and the recommended of the two herbicides (bromoxynil octanoate at 1 L fed-1) +( clodinafop propargyl 2.5% + Pinoxaden 2.5%) at 0. 5 L fed-1) gave the highest means of the characters studied and economic criteria. Therefore, these interactions could be recommended in barley farms to achieve reduction in weed growth under saline conditions and harmful effect of them and boosting barley plantations productivity as well. Economic criteria display that Giza 137 is a good choice cultivar for salinity soil because of its high weed tolerance ability (WTA) and Giza 123 good cultivar for grown in salinity soil but it poor WAT so advised to using by herbicides as weed management to reduce weeds population and increase yield toward increasing farmer’s income under salinity soil area.

This study was conducted to investigate the agro-economic effect of intercropping sugar beet and barley under combinations of barley cutting and Nitrogen levels. Field trials conducted using a split plot design with three replications at the Farm of Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Sugar beet planted on both sides of the bed and barley plant on the top of all beds at the rate of 25%of the sole culture. Sugar beet with companion barley under three cut treatments (no cut, cut before heading (C1) and cut after heading (C2)) and three nitrogen fertilization levels (80, 100 and 120kgN/feddan (feddan=4200m2)) were studied, as well as to study competitive relationships land equivalent ratio (LER). Results from this study revealed that cut and nitrogen treatments had significant (0.05%) effects on most traits of sugar beet and barley in both seasons. Significant cuts*N interaction effects were found for sugar beet and barley traits in both seasons. LER. were greater than unit (1.15 and 1.16) by intercropping sugar beet with barley under N fertilizer rate 120kg N/feddan with both no cut and C1. The effect of cuts and nitrogen interaction on LER across the two seasons increase the land usage. The highest yield advantage for RCC (89.49 and 73.54) was recorded with C1 at 120Kg N/feddan in both seasons respectively, indicating the effect of barley cuts and N fertilizer rates on yield and aggressivity (AG) values of sugar beet and barely. The highest values Total income (L.E.), Net return and economic return (L.E.) obtained from sugar beet under 120kgN rate * no cut or C1 treatments in both seasons. Agro-economically biplot graph recommended that intercropping barley with sugar beet under 120kg N rate * no cut or C1 drive the maximum values of productivity of sugar beet and competitive relationships and yield of both crops.

Two field experiments were carried out during two seasons; 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at two locations ; Agricultural Research Stations , Itay-Elbarood and KafrElhamam.This work aimed to estimate the variations among six genotypes through estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variances (Vg and Vph), genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation (GCV and PCV), broad sense heritability and genetic advance as well as study the interrelationships among grain yield attributers using genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficients analysis.The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field. Results proved that Gemmeiza-7 and Gemmeiza-10 cultivars were the best yielding among the studied cultivars and the KafrElhamam location was the top yielding than the other location (Itay-Elbarood). Estimates of heritability in broad sense for the studied characters at the two locations Itay-Elbarood and KafrElhamam were varied from; 47 - 99% and 23 - 99%, respectively. Results showed large values of broad-sense heritability (hb2) coupled with high values of genetic advance as a percent of mean (GA %) selection intensity for number of spikes/plant and plant height at the two locations. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between yield and No. of tillers per plant in both locations. Data of path coefficients analysis (at genotypic and phenotypic levels) at the two locations Itay-Elbarood and KafrElhamam showed that the traits i.e. No. of tillers/plant, No. of spikelets/ spike and No. of spike per plant had the highest effect directly and indirectly upon yield indicating their magnitude as selection criteria to obtain a valuable gain of selection for yield in wheat.

Discriminating Of Some Early Maturing Wheat Genotypes Under Late Sowing In North Delta Of Egypt
Present study work has been undertaken to evaluate the productivity and quality of early maturity wheat genotypes under optimum and late sowing conditions. For this purpose, two field experiments were conducted on the experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Field Crop Res. Inst., ARC, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, during the two winter growing seasons of 2019/20 and 2020/21. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications to study the influence of two sowing dates on earliness, yield, and its components and quality characters of 22 early maturing beard wheat genotypes and two check cultivars (Misr 3 and Sakha 95) were studied. Each sowing date was sown in a separate experiment; the first experiment was planted on 23rd Nov. (optimum sowing date), while, the second one was on 23rd Dec. (late sowing date) in both seasons. Results indicated that optimum sowing date had significantly higher mean values for all studied characters except grain protein, wet gluten, dry gluten, and grain ash. Sakha 95 was the highest grain yield under the two sowing dates without significant differences from Line-2, Misr 3, and Line-5 under the optimum sowing date, and Line-4, Line-5, Line-2, Misr 3, Line-18, and Line-17 under late sowing date. Discriminant analysis results indicated that growing degree days played the most dominant discriminatory role in explaining the variation of the 24 wheat genotypes. Also, it could be effective in the identi?cation of the wheat genotypes of desirable traits for late sowing date conditions. Discriminant scores used as selection index based on earliness, yield, and its components and quality characters were suggested that the superior genotypes under overall both sowing dates were Line-2, Misr 3, and Sakha 95 in addition to Line-17 and Line-5 under late sowing date. These superior genotypes could be used under late sowing date conditions.