Risk Evaluation and Biological Utilization of Some Micronutrients Due to Heavy Metals Resulted from Fuels Used in Baladi Bread Baking
Abstract: Baladi bread is cornerstone of food subsidy program, as main source energy. Current study aimed to evaluate the effect of using different sources of fuel on concentration of heavy metals (HMs) in bread collected from different fuel sources from Egypt as well as biological effects of HMs on some micronutrients. Representative Baladi bread samples baked from different fuel sources (Wood, Solar and Condensed natural Gas (CNG)) were collected for approximate composition and analysis of Aluminum (Al), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Nickle (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd). Risk evaluation was performed among different Egyptian regions. Biological experiment on (control, heavy metal mixtures (HMMs) and 1/10LD ) male albino50 rats were performed for 12 weeks. Ferritin, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) levels were determined. Wood fuel resulted in the highest value for all HMs in bread samples followed by solar, while CNG showed only presence of Al. Rural areas showed higher hazard index (HI) compared with urban. Statistical correlation between increased HMs in serum with some micronutrient deficiencies were proved. Wood fuel is the worst method in baking bread. Long-term; low-level exposure to HMMs induced toxic effects.
Publication year 2022
Pages 169-180
Organization Name
serial title American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci.
Author(s) from ARC
External authors (outside ARC)
    Rasha A. Shalaby Regional Center for Food and Feed (RCFF), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
    Noha M. Mohamed Regional Center for Food and Feed (RCFF), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
Publication Type Journal
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