Field experiments were carried out in 2011 cotton season at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh to study the efficacy of spinosad, lufenuron and chlorpyrifos against the egg masses (24, 48 and 72 hr age) of the cotton leafworm. Semi field bioassays technique were used to determine the initial and residual activity of these insecticides against 2nd and 4th instars larvae of the field strain of Spodoptera littoralis. The sublethal concentration of spinosad, lufenuron and chlorpyrifos on some main biological aspects of 4th instar larvae of laboratory strain of S. littoralis were studied. Data reveled that spinosad was efficient on the three ages of egg masses compared with chlorpyrifos which gave average percent mortality 50.67, 40and 30.67%, respectively, after three days from spray, while lufenuron came the second order recording 42.67, 44.0 and 22.67% mortality on 24, 48 and 72 hours age egg-masses , respectively. The mortality percentage decreased with increase of age eggmass. With respect the semi-field bioassay technique, the data showed that the general mean of initial and residual activity of the tested compounds on 2nd instar larvae exhibited (93 and 69.18%), (100 and 89.9%) and (100 and 33.76%) for spinosad, lufenuron and chlorpyrifos, respectively. Concerning the effect of the tested compounds against the 4th instar larvae, the data confirmed that the average of larval mortality could be arranged descendingly as follow, lufenuron (77.84%), spinosad (67.16%) and chlorpyrifos (26.12%) mortality. With regard to the above mentioned results, it could be concluded that lufenuron has high toxicity against larval stages of cotton leafworm, came in the second order spinosad has been found to be highly active on all stages of this pest. With respect of toxicity and latent effects of the tested compounds against laboratory strain of 4th instar of S. littoralis, lufenuron was superior effective with LC50 of 0.25 ppm followed by spinosad was giving7.15 ppm, while chlorpyrifos was the least effective one with LC50 of 20 ppm. Concerning the effect of LC25 on the biological aspects of the 4th instar larvae, the data showed that spinosad proved to be the most effective compound in reducing the percent pupation and deformed pupae where causing (82.0 and 18.9%) as compared with (96.4 and 3.3%) for control, while chlorpyrifos was the least effective ones causing (86.8 and 12.98%). Lufenuron nullified adult emergence from treated larvae.
In conclusion, spinosad and lufenuron can be included with other compounds in a frame of IPM programs in which the dependency on the conventional insecticides can be minimized to avoid their known expected harmful effects.

The experiments were carried out at El-Riad district, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to study the population fluctuations of Thrips tabaci Lindeman and spiders in garlic plantations as influenced by some weather factors in 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11seasons. The toxicity of certain compounds on T. tabaci was also evaluated in addition to their on spider population was assessed. The population density of T. tabaci reached a maximum abundance at the fourth, second and third weeks of March in the three seasons, respectively. The highest densities of spiders were recorded on January 19th, Noverember 17th and March 23th in the same seasons, respectively. The surveyed spiders belonged to seven families; Araneidae, Dyctinidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Theridiidae and Thomisidae. The temperature and relative humidity had a significant negative effect on thrips infestations, while the wind velocity and spiders correlated significantly and positively with thrips in the first and third seasons. The combined effect of spiders and weather factors on the density of thrips was higher in 2008/09 and 2010/11 seasons than in 2009/10. All tested compounds reduced the infestation with T. tabaci under field conditions. Fenitrothion, bermectine and sour orange oil were the most effective, followed by acidless orange oil, super misrona oil, Biofly and BioGuard. Baladi mandarin oil, etoxazole, chem sol oil and Agerin induced the lowest reduction in thrips population. Concerning the side effects on the spiders, mineral and plant oils had the lowest effects, whereas fenitrothion caused the highest toxic effect. Etoxazole was moderately effective while the microbial pesticides were not harmful in this respect.

Experiments were carried out at El-Riad District, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to survey insect pests, insect predators and spiders in eggplant and tomato plantations, in 2010 and 2011 seasons. Eight insect species, belonging to seven families and four orders were recorded from eggplant and tomato plantations. Also, five insect predators, belonging to four families and four orders were recorded from both hosts. The surveyed spiders were found belonging to eight families; Araneidae, Dyctinidae, Lycosidae, Miturigidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Tetragnathidae and Theridiidae. Occurrence of the spider, Wadicosa fidelis (O. P. Cambridge) (Araneae: Lycosidae); and two scelionid parasitoids (Baeus sp. and Idris sp.), emerging from Wadicosa fidelis eggsacs inhabiting eggplant and tomato plantations, was studied. These parasitoids are first record on W. fidelis eggs. The toxicity of certain compounds; Actellic, Primo, kz-oil, capl 2 oil and orange oil in reducing the population density of Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and Tuta absoluta infesting eggplant and tomato was evaluated. Also, the side effect of these compounds on Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus spp., Orius spp., Macrolophus sp. and spider populations was assessed. All tested compounds caused a reduction in insect pest infestation under field conditions. On eggplant plants, capl 2 oil and orange oil were the highest effective followed by Actellic and kz oil against B. tabaci population while, Actellic and orange oil were the highest effective followed by capl 2 oil and kz oil against aphid population on eggplant. On tomato plants, all tested compounds caused reduction in eggs, nymphs, pupae and adults of the whitefly population. Actellic, orange oil and Primo were the highest effective followed by capl 2 and kz oil in reducing aphid population on tomato. Primo and Actellic were the most effective followed by capl 2 oil and kz oil that induced the lowest reduction and then, it is clear that orange oil that induced a slight reduction in T. absoluta population on tomato. Regarding the side effect of these compounds on predators, orange oil had slight effects, whereas kz oil and capl 2 caused moderate effects against predators. However, Actellic was the highest toxic compounds against predators on eggplant. All tested compounds had slight effects against Macrolophus sp. on tomato. Actellic and Primo induced moderate effect followed by kz oil and capl 2 and then, orange oil which induced the lowest hazard against spiders on tomato.

Effect of supplementing mulberry leaves with different types of honey, essential botanical oils and their tested mixtures at different concentrations on the 5th larval instar of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. for improving certain biological and reproductive parameters

Population fluctuation of Thrips tabaci Lind. and its associated spiders in onion plantations, as influenced by some weather factors, was studied at El-Riad district, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt in two successive growing seasons 2008/09 and 2009/10. Toxicity of certain compounds; fenitrothion, etoxazole, super misrona, sour orange, acidless orange, baladi mandarin and Bermectine in reducing the population density of T. tabaci were evaluated. Also, the side effect of these compounds on spiders’ population was assessed. The population density of T. tabaci and spiders peaked in March and April in both seasons. Surveyed spiders were found belong to seven families; Araneidae, Dictynidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Philodromidae, Theridiidae and Thomisidae. Temperature had highly significant positive correlation, while the spiders were highly significant negative for T. tabaci in 2008/09 season. Combined effect of spiders and weather factors on the density of thrips was high. All tested compounds under field conditions showed reduction of infestation of T. tabaci. For the residual effect, all tested compounds gave significant reduction of thrips infestation up to day 14th post treatment. Fenitrothion and Bermectine were the most effective, followed by etoxazole, sour orange, super misrona and then, acidless orange and baladi mandarin which induced the lowest reduction in thrips population. Concerning the side effect of these compounds on spiders; Bermectine and plant oil extracts (sour orange, acidless orange and baladi mandarin) had slight effects, whereas etoxazole and super misrona were moderate. Fenitrothion was the highly toxic compound against spiders.

Experiments were carried out at El-Riad district, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, seasons 2008/09 and 2009/10 to study the population fluctuation of Plutella xylostella (L.) and its natural enemies in cabbage plantations, as influenced by some weather factors, biopesticids and insecticides. Population density of P. xylostella peaked in January, February, March and April. Surveyed spider species were found belong to nine families; Araneidae, Dictynidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Miturigidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae and Thomisidae. Maximum number of insect predators (Paederus alfierii, Chrysoperla carnea and coccinellids) + spiders occurred in April. Six primary parasitoid species; Trichogramma sp., Trichogrammatoidea sp.,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén). Brachymeria sp. and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) and three hyperparasitoids; Tetrastichus sp., Gelis agilis (Fabricius) and Trichomalopsis sp., were also recovered from P. xylostella. Spiders in 2008/09 and temperature in 2009/10 had highly significant negative effect on P. xylostella population. In the laboratory, Neomyl was the most toxic compound to P. xylostella 2nd instar larvae, followed by Bermectine, while Bermectine was the most toxic compound to 4th instar larvae, followed by Neomyl. The results showed that BioGuard was highly toxic, while Biofly was moderate. Also, Neomyl and Bermectine were effective on egg hatchability, followed by Biofly (moderate), while BioGuard had slight effect. All tested compounds under field conditions caused reduction in infestation of P. xylostella larvae. Regarding the side effect of the tested compounds on predators, Neomyl was the highest while biopesticides were slightly harmful.

The effect of bio-control agents alone (Biofly, Beauveria bassiana and Egyptian nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae) or with medical additive (Docusate Sodium) comparing with Super Misrona oil were studied on the grape mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and its parasitoides Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) and predator, Scymnus syriacus Kirsch (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) before and after pruning. In the first season (2008), the treatments with different bio-control agents (Biofly and Egyptian nematode) alone gave moderate percent reduction on the population of adult females and nymphs of P. ficus when comparing with Super Misrona oil, which gave also moderate or highly percent reduction after 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks before and after pruning. Also, these bio-control agent compounds gave also moderate toxic effect on its parasitoides L. dactylopii and the predator, S. syriacus before and after pruning when comparing with Super Misrona oil, which gave also moderate toxicity after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks. The data in the second season (2009) gave similar results to those obtained in the first year (2008). When mixing Biofly and Egyptian nematode with Docusate Sodium gave highly percent reduction on the population of adult females and nymphs of P. ficus comparing with mixture of Super Misrona oil + Docusate Sodium also gave highly percent reduction after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks before and after pruning. Also, these bio-control agent compounds + Docusate Sodium gave moderate or highly toxic effect on its parasitoides and the predator before and after pruning comparing with Super Misrona oil + Docusate Sodium, which gave highly toxicity after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks. The data in the second season (2009) gave similar results to those obtained in the first year (2008). It can be concluded that mixing the bio-control agents and mineral oils with medical additive (Docusate Sodium) increasing the effectiveness against the mealybug and could be using in Integrated Pest Management Programs "IPM" on the grape mealybug, Planococcus ficus, which becoming very dangerous pest on grape vine plants, especially in organic farms that exporting fruits to Europe and America.

The effect of bio-control agents alone (Biofly, Beauveria bassiana and Egyptian nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae) or with medical additive (Docusate Sodium) comparing with Super Misrona oil were studied on the grape mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and its parasitoides Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) and predator, Scymnus syriacus Kirsch (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) before and after pruning. In the first season (2008), the treatments with different bio-control agents (Biofly and Egyptian nematode) alone gave moderate percent reduction on the population of adult females and nymphs of P. ficus when comparing with Super Misrona oil, which gave also moderate or highly percent reduction after 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks before and after pruning. Also, these bio-control agent compounds gave also moderate toxic effect on its parasitoides L. dactylopii and the predator, S. syriacus before and after pruning when comparing with Super Misrona oil, which gave also moderate toxicity after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks. The data in the second season (2009) gave similar results to those obtained in the first year (2008). When mixing Biofly and Egyptian nematode with Docusate Sodium gave highly percent reduction on the population of adult females and nymphs of P. ficus comparing with mixture of Super Misrona oil + Docusate Sodium also gave highly percent reduction after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks before and after pruning. Also, these bio-control agent compounds + Docusate Sodium gave moderate or highly toxic effect on its parasitoides and the predator before and after pruning comparing with Super Misrona oil + Docusate Sodium, which gave highly toxicity after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks. The data in the second season (2009) gave similar results to those obtained in the first year (2008). It can be concluded that mixing the bio-control agents and mineral oils with medical additive (Docusate Sodium) increasing the effectiveness against the mealybug and could be using in Integrated Pest Management Programs "IPM" on the grape mealybug, Planococcus ficus, which becoming very dangerous pest on grape vine plants, especially in organic farms that exporting fruits to Europe and America.

Two novel Schiff base ligands of 2-amino 3- cyano 1,5 diphenylpyrrole and salicylaldehyde(HL1) or 2- hydroxy11-naphthylaldehyde (HL2) and their copper (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized. The effect of them on the infectivity and reproduction potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae) were tested. The infectivity of Cu (II) ion treated H. bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae juveniles ( low and high concentrations) was generally reduced as compared with that of control (33.30 and 11.50) and (88 and 75) respectively. The infectivity of the legands and complexes treated H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae juveniles with low and high concentrations matches that of the non-treated nematodes (100%). The reproduction of H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae decreased with increasing concentrations of copper(II), The ligands (HL1, HL2) and complexes (1, 5) except in HL1 for H. bacteriophora and C5 for S. carpocapsae where insignificant difference in the reproduction potential at low and high concentrations was noticed .