ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
• The 54th Annual Conference of Statistics, Computer Science and Operations Research, Agricultural Economics Research Institute (AERI), Giza, Egypt, 11-9 December 2012.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Economics for Vegetable Oil Industry and its Effects on Food Security in Egypt
It was found that soybean and sunflower yields are stable as their farmers do not get high revenues such as other crops competing for the area such as maize, whether white or yellow, and vegetable crops such as tomatoes, peppers, zucchini, etc., and this is probably why some farmers are reluctant to grow it besides poor productivity Their yields are about 1.4 and 1.04, respectively, for soybean and abed el-Shams crops, as they did not achieve high profits compared to other crops competing for the unit area. Some indicators of the productive and economic efficiency of oil producing plants were estimated. Egypt, due to the lack of sufficient data and difficulty in obtaining it, has been estimated the rate of return on cost and net worth of revenues, where the results showed that the average number of oil-producing enterprises about 27 units of oil production, and the average number of workers by about 139943 workers, while the ratio of return to costs about 114.5% means that each pound will invest in this area to achieve a return of about 114.5 pounds, the net present value is estimated at 404974.7 pounds for the average period 2010-2017.
It was found that the average available production capacity is estimated at 2600358.67 million pounds, and the actual production is estimated at 1938334 million pounds, representing about 80.5 of the available capacity, where the idle capacity reached about 662024.7 million pounds, representing about 26.03% of the available energy for the average period 2015-2017. There are some factories are still operating at half of their production capacity and did not achieve the actual production required of them, where some companies resorted to esters of crude oil, manufacturing and refining because of the cheap price in addition to providing labor and saving their salaries.
The results of the estimated model now predict that the expected values of the variables of the model are (quantity produced oils, average per capita oil consumption per capita ?2, volume of imports ?3, during the period (2020-2025), as it is expected that the volume of total production Of oil from about 2755.4 thousand tons in 2020 to about 2908.0 thousand tons in 2025 with a growth rate of about 15.3%, while the average per capita consumption of oil is expected to increase from about 14.7 kg In 2020, the national consumption increased from 1458.5 million tons in 2020 to about 1665.2 million tons in 2025.
Recommendations
1 - appropriate pricing policies should be developed to contribute to increases in oil production rates.
4. Providing support from the government to producers of oil crops to encourage them to grow these crops of economic importance.
5 - Development of new varieties with high oil recovery rates.
6- Encouraging investors to establish production units for oil extraction.
8. Develop a policy and legislation to impose contract farming on farmers and motivate them to cultivate these crops, and put the mechanism for implementation and circulation to all regions of the Republic.

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
• The 24th Conference of Agricultural Economists, Egyptian Association of Agricultural Economics, Cairo, Egypt, 9-10 November 2016.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
The research was mainly to study the current situation of the economics of marketing crops of tomatoes, potatoes, summer-producing province of Qaliubiya through the study of the production and marketing activity for the two crops subject of study, has represented the research problem in the presence of many of the problems and obstacles that limit the efficiency of the marketing system for tomatoes and potatoes in Egypt in general, Qalubia in particular, the research was in its statements on the first adopted exporters was the primary data, secondary data from published and unpublished from various sources.

Among the most important findings of the study: -
- As can be seen from the study of marketing problems faced by the farmers that the problem of the monopoly of traders in the summer tomato harvest come to the fore and answered so about %100 compared to 93.33% for summer potatoes, followed in importance low price at a rate of approximately 83.33% for summer tomatoes for about 83% of the potato summer, while decreased in delays in obtaining price and answered so about 43.33% for summer tomatoes for about 53% of the potato summer of the total number of respondents, a sample of the field study.
- The results of the economic efficiency of performance indicators for crop production tomatoes and summer potatoes and indicate that net feddan yield was about 4.01 thousand pounds for summer tomatoes for about 9.56 thousand pounds in the summer of potatoes, as benefits costs accounted for about 1.32 Summer tomatoes for about 1.66 Summer potato which shows how profitability of the production of the project and its economic feasibility.
- The elasticity of demand for tomatoes and potatoes in transit market indicate that increase the wholesale price of 10% decreases the quantity sold increased by 1.9%, 0.8%, which indicates a decrease in elasticity of demand for tomatoes and potatoes in the market, where it is necessary goods that are essential to about her.
- As shown by the marketing efficiency it amounted to about 28.30% of the tomatoes for about 25.54% of the Potato, which means lower marketing efficiency, which means that marketing distinctions earned by brokers during the marketing stages are not commensurate with the marketing services provided.
It is therefore recommended research in light of the research findings, including the following:
- The need to work to do the marketing of the crop through the work contracts in order to ensure an appropriate price to farmers and economic return rewarding them, and encourage them to expand agriculture.
- The need to encourage agricultural cooperatives to create an effective role in the production and marketing of crops in the governorate.
- Work to increase the product of pounds per consumer by reducing marketing costs and profits of intermediaries.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
• The 24th Conference of Agricultural Economists, Egyptian Association of Agricultural Economics, Cairo, Egypt, 9-10 November 2016.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Comes issue of food security a top priority for decision-makers Political Arab countries due to the correlation of life with food Despite the fact that the Arab countries have the human resources, land, and water, which, if properly exploited to achieve food security and self-sufficiency and has been the reduction of the food gap, but the Arab countries working alone and did not invest trade agreements signed between them and aimed to revitalize bilateral trade and production to be in accordance with comparative advantage of each State shall not be random decisions.
And it has been conducting these economic study in order to identify the reality of Food Security Arab and intra-regional trade in light of the economic agreements and trade, and to complete the study used published secondary data and unpublished and included research method using both descriptive analysis and appropriate quantitative for those types of data which contributed to draw conclusions, which check for research purposes.
The most important findings and recommendations:
1. There is a gap between the production and consumption of Arab food estimated at 155.56 million tons, the order represents 61.54% of the total production during the (2010-2012)
2. decreased the proportion of self-sufficiency of raw sugar and vegetable oils, grains and flour and wheat to reach about 27%, 41.6%, 43.3%, 46.4%, 48.8% in 2012
3. The total value of imports rose for the Arab States of about 460.82 billion average for the period (2005-2009) to about 707.45 billion average for the period (2010-2012), an increase valued at $ 246.63 billion borne by the Treasury and the Arab imports according to each individual country.
4. Total value of agricultural imports and food from around 51.47, 41.84 billion dollars as an average for the period (2005-2009) to about 83.37, 92.92 billion dollars as an average for the period (2010-2012), also increased the proportion of agricultural imports from about 81.3% during the first period to to 83.47% during the second period.
5. overall average of total Arab imports during the period reached 475.56 billion dollars, while the total value of intra-imports reached about 64.75 billion by accounting for about 12.7%, while completed about 87.27% of the total value of imports from outside the Arab countries.
So the study recommends the following:
1. change the laws and Arab legislation allowing the free movement of labor and capital and the implementation of economic agreements and trade.
2. Arabization of jobs in Arab countries and lay off foreign workers.
3. Production to be the Arab countries according to comparative advantage and not to select each state separately.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
• The 22th Conference of Agricultural Economists, Egyptian Association of Agricultural Economics, Cairo, Egypt, 12-13 November 20114.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Water is the most important resource for the production that without it there can be no agriculture, in spite of its importance, but it is used wastefully large, especially in agriculture, which consumes only about 85%, while consuming other sectors only 15% due extravagant to the lack of pricing of water, where used the study descriptive and quantitative methods in data analysis and presentation of the findings of the study results. The study relied on two sources of data (1) Preliminary data for the field study (2) secondary data.
The study found a range of results, including:
- The total amount of waste water from the eastern province as a result of the actual increase in the area of crops grown under study for a target of about 377.7 million m3, while it reached about 47.21 million m3 Qalubia season 2012/2013.
- The amount of wastage of irrigation water at the level of the province east of the crops under study after deducting exchange for increasing the area of wheat and corn are about 183.94 million m3 enough to raise about 136.3 thousand acres of wheat, or a gain of about 82.24 thousand acres of corn exploits its output to reduce the size of the gap granularity .
- The amount of water loss Qalubia result of increasing the actual area under crops under study for a target of about 61.1 million m3 and this quantity can be used in the cultivation of extra space of wheat is estimated at 40.5 thousand acres, or cultivation of about 24.2 thousand acres planted with corn to reduce imports and provide component basic loaf of bread in Egypt.
- Confined to the behavior of the respondents from the farmers and their reactions to the problems of irrigation in the eight reactions highest, according to the views of the respondents expansion in the use of groundwater by about (19.1%) and then cut rice area,
- Confined to the behavior of decision makers, agricultural and reactions toward the water shortage in the seven most important reactions according to the repetition of the views of the respondents. The need to educate farmers to the economy in the use of irrigation water by about (16.1%).
Based on these results, the study recommends the following:
1 severe punishment on violators to cultivate rice cultivation more than the target.
2 development of irrigation systems to reduce the ancient land of wasteful water use them.
3 production of all varieties of crops bear the lack of water.
4 interest in removing weeds from Marawi and conduct acts of cleansing.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
• The 21st Agricultural Economists Conference, The Egyptian Association for Agricultural Economics, Egypt, 30-31 October 2013.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The current system of bread subsidy provides many benefits and advantages to the poorer categories, but it suffers from some shortcomings, and there is an agreement between the government and of different economists to improve the efficiency of the current system of bread subsidy to improve levels targeting of the poor, reduce dropout rates and reduce wastage consumer. So the government have seen that one of the optimize method is sign an agreement with the bakery owners to improve the bread quality to reduce wastage of it, and in spite of all efforts by the state, there are some gaps in the contract between the owners of the bakery and the Ministry of Supply and companies mills ration (public sector - special sector) reduce the achievement of the desired objectives. The research aims to study the production costs of bread in the Ismailia governorate through a questionnaire were collected through a random sample for the bakeries owners, which were divided into two categories. The research aims to compare cost of production through the questionnaire with the cost of production which is set by the ministry, represented by about 80 pounds per bag (weighing 100 kg).
The study showed that the average per capita loaf of bread in Ismailia governorate amounted to about 2.98 loaf / day, it was found that the city of Ismailia is the highest population, it represents about 30.8% of the total governorate population, but the average per capita of bread reached about 3.5 loaf / day, while the highest status in terms of per capita unite of bread is Eltal Elkabeer Center, it reached about 3.97 loaf / day and the number of population is about 5.6 % of the total population of the governorate, and that the lowest in terms of population estimated at 4.4% of the total center East Kantara and per capita reached about 3.21 loaf / day , .
Hence, it appears that there is inequity subsidy distribution.
The study also show that there are two categories of bakery in Ismailia governorate according to the flour share of the bakery , the first is less than 10 bag and the second is (11-20 ) bag , the manufacturing cost limited at LE 80 according to the agreement contract between the ministry and the owner of the bakeries , and thus the State paid about 2.27 piaster / loaf in the manufacturing process only, while the flour bag price determined by 282.6 pounds / 100 kg, then the state paid about 25.7 piaster / loaf , so the total production cost of one flour bag (weighing 100 kg) reached approximately 362.6 LE, e.i about 32.97 piaster / loaf. Also the study shows that the state subsidy reached about 307.6 pounds / bag or about 27.97 piaster / loaf (in the case of selling loaf of bread by five piaster).
The sample data show that the average operating cost for manufacture one flour bag (weighing 100 kg) amounted by about 86 and 100 pounds for the two categories (11 - 20),and less than ten bag respectively, and by comparing the average operating realism cost through the questionnaire by the average costs which set by the ministry shows that the owners of bakeries in the first and second categories are investigating a loss by about 6 pounds, and 20 pounds respectively , then the owners of bakeries in these two categories will not oblige to the contract conditions between the ministry and the owners of bakeries , which means that the current situation and goal The phenomenon of leakage and decreasing quality of flour bread will not change , and then must take other polices to solve this problem.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________