Potato and tomato plants were treated with chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl insecticides under the normal field conditions at the rate of 250 and 750 grams active ingredient per feddan respectively. Pirimiphos-methyl insecticide had the highest initial deposits. The highest concentration of initial deposits was found on and in tomato fruits while the lowest were that on and in potato tubers. Tomato fruits exposed directly to spraying solution whereas potato tubers were buried in the soil. Potato tubers were devoid of any detectable amounts of both insecticides 14 days after treatment while tomato fruits collected 21 days after treatment were contaminated with 0.13 and 0.84 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl respectively. The PHI,s are 14 and 15 days for tomato fruits while they are 1 and 2 days for potato tubers after treatment with chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl.
Treatment of potato tubers in warehouse with the two tested insecticides with the mentioned rates showed that the half-life time of chlorpyrifos-methyl was highest (5.4 weeks) than that of pirimiphos-methyl (3.5 weeks).
Sunlight was more effective than UV-rays in accelerating the photodecomposition of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl residues. The intervals between successive sprays of both insecticides should be shorter at high temperature and vice versa.
Peeling of potato tubers gave 97.13 and 95.25% loss of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl residues respectively from contaminated potato tubers. Boiling with hot water for 30 min. removed 83.07 and 91.56% of residues of the tested insecticides respectively. Washing with tap water removed 43.03% of chlorpyrifos-methyl from contaminated tomato fruits while soaking in vinegar gave 34.1% loss of pirimiphos-methyl from tomato fruits.
Key words: Potato tubers, tomato fruits, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, residues, pre harvest intervals, warehouse, photodecomposition, UV-rays, temperature, sunlight, home processing’s.

1872 sample vegetables and fruits (i.e. 104 samples of each commodity) collected from great Cairo markets (Cairo, Giza, and Kalubia) from February 2001 to February 2003. Vegetables subjected to residue analysis were green dill, green coriander, green parsley, tomatoes, cucumber, Molokai, green beans, green peas, lettuce, spinach, pepper, water cress and carrot. Fruits subjected to residue analysis were orange, guava, peach, strawberries and grape. Studied vegetables and fruits were contaminated with profenofos, dimethoat, chloropyrifos, chloropyrifos- methyl, malathion, cypermethrin, diazinon, metalaxyl, bromopropylate, carbaryl, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, dicofol, fenitrothion, imazalil, iprodioneomethoate, phenthoate, profenofos- methyl, triazofos.
40 samples of Freezed vegetables were analyzed. Freezed Molokai contained chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos- methyl, dimethoat and profenifos residues. A few numbers of .Ispinach samples (one samples for each pesticide' were contaminated with chloropyrifos (0.17ppm) and malathion (0.05ppm) no violation was found in spinach samples. Only one "green beans sample was contaminated with dimethoat (0.03 ppm) with no violation. Green peas samples were completely clean from any traces of pesticide residues. Manufactured juice samples (40 samples) were almost clean from any pesticides residues.
The effect of washing, boiling and air drying processing on spiked green dill, green coriander and green parsley samples with chloropyrifos- methyl, chloropyrifos and profenofos were studied. The three household processes caused reduction of chloropyrifos- methyl, chloropyrifos and profenofos residues in green dill green, coriander and green parsley. Boiling for 5 minutes is more effective to decrease the amount of chloropyrifos- methyl, chloropyrifos and profenofos residues in the three plants when compared to air- drying and washing.
The body weight of treated rats was decreased as the result of combined pesticides treatment (profenofos, chloropyrifos and chloropyrifos- methyl). The tr~atment with different concentrations caused a significant decrease in the mean of glucose after 14 days from the treatment (in comparison with control) while, glucose increased significantly after 28 days from the treatment. After 14 days from the treatment the cholesterol level decreased significantly. Whereas, The same trend happened after 28 days. The means of triglycrides content is significantly increased in rats (this results after 14 days from the treatment). Meanwhile, the treatments after 28 days induced a significant decrease in triglycrides level. A significant increase in the means of aspartate amino transferase (AST) throughout the experimental periods (14 and 28 days) was observed these results are in comparison with control. Also a significant increase (almost near to control after 14 days) in means of alanine amino transferase (ALT) throughout the experiment was noticed. Either a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity throughout the experimental period. All concentrations of the three pesticides combination did not alter the total protein and albumin concentrations in comparison with the control (through 28 days). A significant increase of the means of urea and uric acid concentrations throughout the experimental period in male albino rats was observed. Non-significant decrease in creatinine levels were noticed through 14 days
." from the beginning of the experiment except the treatment of 0.36 and 1.92 ppm while there . was a significant decrease in all concentrations after 28 days. A significant decrease in the means of AChE activity (more than 50% inhibition) after 14 days from the treatment (in comparison with control) was shown. After 28 days from the treatment the activity of AChE increased significantly this result may be due to the tolerance of pesticides (it did not reach to control).

The present work studied the effect of aflatoxin on toxicity and carcinogenicity on laboratory animals by the following experiments:
1) Studies on toxicity of aflatoxin on laboratory animals.
2) Studies on carcinogenicity of aflatoxin on laboratory animals. In the first experiment, 88 weaned rats of both sexes weight
from (80-100) gm have been divided into two groups.
The first group of 44 rats were divided into 22 rats male and 22 rats female, both sexes did not receive aflatoxin and used as control. The 2nd group of 44 rats were divided into 22 rats male and 22 rats female both sexes received 0.02 ppm aflatoxin Bl/rat dailyfor 15 weeks in drinking water
All rats were subjected to clinical symptoms observation. Three rats from each of the first and second group of males and females were sacrificed at 5, 10 and 15 weeks respectively of the experiment. All sacrificed rats were subjected to post mortem, weight of vital organ and histopathological examination.
Rats of second group which received 0.02 ppm aflatoxin Bl/rat daily for 15 week showed nervous manifestation, erected hair and marked decrease in body weight in both males and females. Means of liver, spleen and kidney in gm/l00 gm body weight increased in both males and females at 5, 10 and 15 weeks respectively than control group.
The post-mortem lesions in second group which received 0.02 ppm aflatoxin Bl/rat daily for 15 weeks were observed. Livers in both males and females were congested enlarged and blood oozed from their cut surface. Kidney in both males and females were pale in colour and slightly enlarged. Petechial haemorrhages were observed on surfae of the lungs.
The percentage of mortality in the first group (control) were 0.0% in both males and females. While in 2nd group which received 0.02 ppm aflatoxin Bl/rat daily for 15 weeks, the percentage of mortality reached 9.09% in both males and females.
Histopathological changes in the second group which received 0.02 ppm aflatoxin Bl/rat daily for 15 weeks at 5, 10 and 15 weeks respectively revealed hepatotoxicity as determined by centrilobular hepatocytes varied from being degenerated to necrotic. A mild proliferation of bile ducts from portal tracts to sinusoides in the form of oval cell with pale basophilic cytoplasm was observed.
In the second experiment, 94 weaned rats of both sexes weight from (80-100) gm have been divided into 3 groups. The first group of 36 rats divided into 18 rats male and 18 rats female, both sexes did not receive aflatoxin and used as control. The second group of 22 rats were divided into 11 rats male and 11 rats female, those rats were the rest of rats from toxicity experiment both sexes received 002 ppm aflatoxin B1/rat daily for 15 weeks in drinking water. The 3rd group of 36 rats were divided into 18 rats male and 18 rats female. Both sexes received 0.01 ppm aflatoxin Bl/rat 3 day/weekly for 30 weeks in drinking water.
All rats were subjected to clinical symptom observation, 3 rats from the first group, second group and third group both males and females were sacrificed at 30 weeks and 45 weeks from begening of experiment.
All sacrificed rats were subjected to post mortem, weight of vital organs, determination of aflatoxin BI and its metabolites in liver tissue, histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry examination (lectin binding) and nucleic acid DNA (feulgon reaction).
Rats of second and third group both males and females showed sharp decrease in body weight, rough and erected hair, loss of appetite and sedation espeasily at late stage of experiment. Means of liver and
kidney weight in gm/l00 gm body weight in both males and females in 2nd group and 3rd group at 30 weeks and 45 weeks were increased than control. While mean of spleen weight were slightly decreased than control.
The post mortem lesions on second and third groups at 30 weeks and 45 weeks in both males and females. Liver showed severe congestion, enlargement, stricke of heamorrhage on surface of liver and necrotic foci. In addition heamoragic ascites were observed in abdomanal cavity. kidney were pale in colour and enlarged. Intestine was congested and filled with gas.
It was found that total aflatoxin Bl and its metabolites in second group in males were 33 45 ng/gm liver and 3150 ng/gm liver after 30 weeks and 45 weeks respectively. While in females the amount of aflatoxin detected were 4060 ng/gm liver and 3305 ng/gm liver after 30 and 45 weeks respectively. The total of aflatoxin Bl and its meabolites in 3rd group in males were 3400 ng/gm liver and 3695 ng/gm liver after 30 weeks and 45 weeks respectively. While in females the amount of aflatoxin detected were 3240 ng/gm liver and 3145 ng/gm liver after 30 weeks and 45 weeks respectively.
The percentage of mortality in the first group (control) were 0.0% in both males and females. While the percentage ofmortality in 2nd group in males were 45.45% and in females were 36.36% . The percentage of mortality in second group in males were 66.66% and in females were 50.0%.
Histological changes observed in second group after 30 weeks till 60 weeks demonstrated enlarged hepatocytes with enlarged nuclei contained more than one eosinophilic nucleoli and this was associated with mutlifocal areas of clear cells, binucleated hepatocytes and hyperplastic nodules. While the hepatic changes after 60 weeks post treatment until the end of experiment were similar in males and females. The incidence of hepatic changes increased at this period in addition to cholangioma which characterized by proliferative growth of the bile duct epithelium which form acini or papillary structure along the cyst wall. The histological findings in the third group at 30 weeks post tratment were mild degenerative and necrotizing changes particularly in periportal hepatocytes. In addition to multifoci of coagulative necrosis, oval cells hyperplasia, kupffer cell activation and in addition mononuclear cells were seen in some portal areas. The findings at 45 weeks were foci of vacuolated hepatocyts with central nuclei and this vacuolation was a result of an accumulation of glycogen.
Furthermore, these changes from 45 weeks till the end of experiment were more or less similar to the second group. The results recorded 4 types of foci, eosinophilic, basophilic, clear cell and even- tually hyperplastic. Some of these foci could be considered as preneoplastic.
Immunohistochemistry (lectin binding), lectins were used as histochemical markers to compare the expression of membrane glycoproteins in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic nodules. It indicated that there was a total' loss of reduction in lectin staining without clustering in eosinophilic foci only while other foci did not reveal any reduction or clustering of lectin staining. The result was confirmed by staining nucleic acid DNA (feulgon reaction). Hyperplastic hepatocytes were demonstrated with feulgon reaction.