There are many inexhaustible resources in the natural environment that can be used for the production of bioenergy. There are also many ways to produce such energy, depending on your requirements. The production and utilization of different forms of bioenergy, such as bioelectric and different biofuels, helps to preserve the environment.

The administration of the Plant Pathology Research
Institute acknowledge all the persons involved in preparing
the 2013 : 2015 abstract book who without their support it
would not have become a reality.
Thanks are also due to the authors and heads of Plant
Pathology Research Departments for their contributions and
expertise in collecting the abstracts of this book. Our gratitude
is to all members of the plant pathology research institute who
gave their time and effort throughout the process of preparing
this abstract book.
Special thanks, of the administration, are to Prof. Dr.
Salah Mohamed Abdel Momen, the former minister of
agriculture, Prof. Dr. Taha El Sharkawy, the Emeritus and
former director of Plant Pathology Research institute and
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh Mohamed Abdel Fattah Khalifa, head of
Onion, Garlic and Oil Crops Diseases Research Department,
for their auditing, reviewing and comments that greatly
improved the edition of this abstract book.
Special thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Hafez
El Abbasi, the former director of Plant Pathology Research
Institute, who gave the start of this work and actively
participated through its different stages.

Seeds:
Mature seeds are usually not yet present on a plant that bears the flowers necessary for identification. However, in some genera like Mentzelia and Epilobium seed characters may actually be used as categories in the key. In such cases seeds may be obtained from more mature individuals or even from fruits of the pereding year. The various seed Testing Laboratories have developed a technique whereby they can identify the seeds and small fruits of common weeds when they come in as contaminate in crop seeds, but, here the actual possibilities are limited of course. Many different kinds of seed are sold to farmers and homeowners each year. So, most be assured of getting correct of seed, it is important to be able to identify the seed needed. Also, if a mixure of seed is present, it is important to be able to determine if weed seed are mixure. Some seeds of these weeds are poisonous to human and animals. Seeds have different characteristics, some seeds are long, short, flat, round or three cornered while others are smooth or rough and seed weeds have solid color, two-toned or multi-colored

Seed identification of 40 common weed species belonging to 20 families, and 38 genera that is very necessary for researchers, farmers, seed production industry and detection of weed seeds in imported or exported plant materials in quarantine work was conducted at the Weed Research Laboratory, in Giza. Full mature specimens of weed seeds were collected from the farms of Shandaweel, Sids, El Serw research stations during 2008/2009 winter and 2010 summer seasons. Description was depending on seed surface, colour, size and shape, family name and taxonomical names. Surface type identification of seeds of these species was recorded according to the scheme adapted from Murley (1951). Seeds were scanned and their pictures included in the text. Such seeds were used as a nucleus of weed seed herbarium of Weed Research Laboratory in Giza which will play as a backbone of visual comparison in weed identification process. Seed herbarium is arranged alphabetically according to families, genera and species for identifying unknown weed seeds in imported grains.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1) has diverged an
tigenically and genetically since its initial
detection in Asia in 1997. Viruses belonging to clade 2.2 in particular hav
e been reported in numerous countries with the majority
occurring in Egypt. Previous reports identified antigenic similarities
between viruses belonging to clade 2.2. However, poultry and
human viruses isolated in northern Egypt during 2007 and 2008 were found to
be antigenically distinct from other clade 2.2 viruses
from this country. Genetic analysi

Unit I
Chapter 1 - Weed flora of wheat fields in Egyptgavernorates during 1992-2002 winter seasons
Abstract

Weed survey was carried out in 6480 wheat fields selected from 17 different governorates during 10 successive winter seasons (1992/93 – 2001/02). 41 weed species were recorded in Upper Egypt belonging to 32 genera and 13 families. The most dominant weeds were Phalaris minor, Polypogon monspeliensis, and Avena sterilis as annual grasses, Rumex dentatus as annual broad leaf weed and Convolvulus arvensis as perennial broad leaf weed. In the Nile Delta 52 weed species belonging to 41 genera and 16 families were detected. The most dominant weeds were Avena sterilis, Phalaris minor and Polypogon monspeliensis as annual grasses and Convolvulus arvensis as perennial broad leaf weed.