Egypt is suffering from water scarcity and tried to pursue a package of policies to decrease the water deficit, by using un¬conventional resources like treated wastewater. Wastewater is 6.9 billion m3/year, the total of treated sewage is 5.1 billion m3 in 2019/20. The wastewater reuse potential in agriculture is 1 billion m3/year which leads us to question: What is the economic return on the use of treated sewage to reduce the water deficit and achieve targeted development? This paper aims to identify the value of investment projects in the sewage treatment sector and determine the cost and returns of treated wastewater in Agriculture by using (CBA) approach and indicators of financial analysis. The results prove that the binary stage is a commit¬ment to the state and its responsibility to preserve the environment, the ratio of reuse of sewage to the total cost of wastewater treatment is 12%, while the ratio of the cost of compulsory treatment to the state to the total cost of wastewater treatment is 88%. It is expected that value add will increase and the benefits will be 22.5 billion L.E. The paper recommends encouraging investors to the wastewater treatment sector by setting up treatment units on their farms. NPV for the project is 388.71 Million L.E which means the project is greater than its cost, profitable, and, if the firm accepts the project, then the value of the firm would increase. PI for the project equals 1.2 Million L.E which means the investment in this project would be profitable and should be implemented and IRR is 16.4%, It is greater than the rate of cost of capital 14%, then investment in the concerned project would be profitable

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In light of the foregoing results, the following can be recommended:
1. Re-focusing on the cultivation of high-quality varieties according to the irrigation water available for the rice crop using technological methods and thus increasing the production of rice along with horizontal expansion in accordance with the government's plan for the cultivation of one and a half million acres.
2. Activating the role of agricultural extension and cooperatives in guiding farmers to the correct use of water and rationalizing its use, especially in the cultivation of the rice crop.
3. Work to improve the productivity of the wheat crop in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate by following the different technological methods and choosing the appropriate varieties and the appropriate method of cultivation and harvesting of the wheat crop, which results in an increase in production in the governorate in particular and in Egypt in general.
4. The necessity of reviewing the agricultural policies related to cotton and rice crops, especially the legislation that allocates the areas and varieties of cotton and the way it is traded, and not to leave the cotton seed trade to the private sector.
5. The necessity of working on the price stability of the cotton crop, thus stabilizing the areas and then stabilizing production and exports.
6. Establishing a fixed marketing policy for the cotton crop through the contractual policy and announcing the guarantee prices to farmers well before planting dates so that the farmer can respond to the policy of the state represented in the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation.
7. Using agricultural research institutes for study crops to devise varieties that are resistant to climatic changes that cause a decrease in production in general in Egypt, especially in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, and also try to devise varieties of rice with less water consumption.
8. Providing production requirements in agricultural associations in order to reduce their prices in the markets, which causes an increase in production costs for the crops under study for the farmers, and then the farmers tend to plant other crops.
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Master Thesis: Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 2022.
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New Valley Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, Volume (2), Issue (3), March 2022.
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The research aims to identify the structure and indicators of the Egyptian total foreign and agricultural trade with African countries and their relative importance during the period (2000-2018). Those variables or not, and the research was adopted to achieve its goals by using the published and unpublished secondary data issued by various local and international agencies such as the data of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, the database of the World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, especially the website for the foreign trade database statistics.
The results showed that the morale was confirmed from the statistical point of view of each of the total exports, total imports, the total foreign trade and the Egyptian trade balance with African countries at a significant level of 0.01 with an annual growth rate of about 13.4%, 8.2%, 11.6%, 18.6% during the period (2000-2018), respectively, as the results of the research showed a statistically significant confirmation of the variables of total exports, total imports, and total agricultural foreign trade with African countries at a significant level of 0.01 with an annual growth rate of 10,8%, 9.6%, and 10.2% during the period (2000-2018), respectively, while it was below that for the Egyptian trade balance.
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Economic Analysis of Supply Response of Summer Maize crops in Egypt

Study of the economic impact of government interventional policies on rice crop produstion in Egypt

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• Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Egyptian Association of Agricultural Economics, Vol.(32), No.(1), Cairo, Egypt,2022و PP 139-154.
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IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), Volume 13, Issue 2, Apr. 2022, PP 07-17.
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The sheep and goat production sector is one of the constituent sectors of animal production in Egypt, as it is an important source of meat. The research problem is the decrease in the contribution of sheep and goat meat to the total production of red meat. This led to a rise in the price level of meat, milk and wool of sheep and goats. The research mainly aims to study the economic efficiency of producing lamb (sheep) and goat meat at the level of the research sample in Gharbia Governorate. The research relied on both descriptive and quantitative analysis methods. The research indicated that the quantity produced of sheep and goat meat increased by about and thousand tons annually in Gharbia Governorate, respectively, during the period (2015-2016). The difference in the average variable costs of the head of the fattened goats in the fattening cycle in the two groups of the study amounted to about pounds while the difference in the average total costs of the head amounted to pounds, respectively.
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IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), Volume(13), Issue(2), Ser. III (Mar. – Apr. 2022), PP 26-34.
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Foreign trade plays an important role in balancing the economic structure, fruit crops are one of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports, and the fresh grape crop is an important export crop. The research aims to study the competitive center for Egyptian exports of fresh grapes, in achieving its objectives, this research relied on both descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis methods, where some statistical analytical methods were used, and the research was divided into two periods, the first periods (2011 - 2020), the second period (2001 - 2010) to compare them using some indicators for each of the two periods. The results showed that the value of the geographical concentration coefficient of the quantity of Egyptian exports of grapes during the two research periods was estimated at 16.74, 14.1 respectively, and the gravity model includes 8 variables explaining Egypt's exports country (i) of fresh grapes to countries (j) per year (t), an increase in the population of Egypt by 1% leads to a decrease in the Egyptian exports of fresh grapes by 7.87%, this is due to, when the population of Egypt increases, the demand for the fresh grape crop increases locally.
Keywords: market share, Geographical distribution, Instability coefficients, gravity model.
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• Agricultural Academy of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Volume(28),Number (3), June 2022.
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The study tries to answer questions e.g. what are the economic impacts of using of improved varieties recommended by the National Campaign to Uprise Wheat Production (NCUWP)? The results revealed farmers within NCUWP added about 1.564 ton/ha to the average yield gained by farmers without NCUWP. Farmers of NCUWP achieved more economic efficiency in terms of total revenue per ha. This could be due to increasing the yield and decreasing the costs of production. The results showed statistically significant effect of improved varieties on increasing wheat production. About 71% of the changes in wheat production was attributed to changing the quantities of seeds, organic fertilizers, nitrogenous and phosphorus fertilizers, labour and mechanical work. Education, off-farm employment, and making bread at home were the most important determinants of the decision to adopt these varieties. Our results showed that high costs of production and low level of water are the key problems facing farmers in the study sample. Capacity building for extension agents is essential for disseminating the improved varieties of NCUWP, as well as providing the agricultural extension service with enough number of agents.

Keywords: production function; elasticity; efficiency; technology; B/C ratio; Double Hurdle (DH) model
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An economic study of the most important variables affecting consumption of poultry white meat in Egypt