The experiment was performed to study the influence of type water such as tap water (TW) and well water (WW) and exposed to magnetic field (approximately 4000 gauss) on productive and reproductive performance of Egyptian geese. The experiment was investigated in 2 × 2 factorial experimental design. A flock of 108 one year-old Egyptian female geese were utilized in this investigation. Birds were randomly divided into four equal groups, each made up of three replicates of 9 geese. The treatments included TW supplemented without or with magnetic exposure (TW vs. MTW) for 1st and 2nd treatment and also the same procedure was done for the well water (WW vs. MWW) for 3rd and 4th treatment. During the experiment, laying birds of the all group was kept in intensive system which confinement in a house and fed a commercial feed ad libitum. Natural mating was practiced during the experimental period from November to the end of May. The mean results showed that:
1-Magnetic treatment induced greater effect on WW than that on TW in terms of pH, conductivity, salinity, calcium, magnesium, total hardness and dissolved oxygen.
2-The response criteria were productive and reproductive performance as egg number, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, fertility, hatchability, egg quality traits, blood biochemical, hormone levels and growth of gosling up to 20 weeks of age.
3-Geese drank WW decreased (P≤0.05) function of the renal and liver, plasma estrogen and progesterone and total antioxidant capacity, but increased thiobarbituric acid-relative substances.
4- Geese drank water exposed to the magnetic field increased (P≤0.05) egg number, egg weight, egg mass, water consumed, fertility, hatchability, number of gosling at day-old, shell weight and thickness, yolk weight, body weight gain for gosling up to 20 weeks of age and quantity of meat produced per geese per year compared to those of geese drank un magnetized water.
5-Geese drank water exposed to the magnetic field improved (P≤0.05) renal function (urea and creatinine), liver enzyme (AST and ALT) and reproductive hormones (estrogen and progesterone) of geese compared to those drank unexposed water.
6- Gosling drank magnetic water during 4-20 weeks of age significantly (P≤0.05) increased body weight gain, meat quantity produced per geese per year and water consumed but mortality rate and feed intake decreased, and feed conversion ratio was significantly improved.
In conclusion, exposing of water and practically well water to a magnetic field may offer a solution to improve productive and reproductive performance and antioxidant status of Egyptian geese and their offsprings. This treatment may be useful management practice in the area where geese breeders depends on well water as a sole source of drinking water.
Key words: Geese, magnetic water, productive and reproductive, hormone levels and antioxidant enzymes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of bee pollen on growth performance, digestible energy intakes, digestibility, some blood parameters, carcass characteristics, caecal microbial activity and economical efficiency of growing rabbits. One hundred and twenty New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits aged 35 days were divided and assigned randomly into 4 groups of 30 rabbits each with an average live body weight of 632 g ± 3.69. First group was kept without any treatment (control: BP0). Second (BP1), third(BP2) and fourth (BP3) groups were orally administrated by bee pollen (BP) suspension contains 500, 600 and 700 mg BP/kg body weight daily through the experimental period from 35-98 days of age. The results show that the growing rabbits supplemented with bee pollen caused significant (P≤0.05) increase in final body weight and daily weight gain and decrease in feed intake (DM and DCP) and improved in feed conversion compared with untreated group. There were significant improvement on digestibility coefficient and nutritive values of growing rabbits with BP. Also, significant increases in dressing percentage and weight of carcass, kidney, spleen, color intensity and tenderness were recorded due to increased BP, while, abdominal fat and pH meat were decreased. Also, the spleen and thymus weight and indexes were increased for all groups fed BP compared with the control group. The lowest value of pH (5.68), lowest count of E.coli (550.14 x102 CFU), anaerobic bacteria (4.54x106 CFU) and Clostridium spp. (3.85 CFU/g caecal digesta) were recorded with rabbits fed BP3. The immunity responsiveness represented in leukocytes counts, mainly on lymphocytes and immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) concentration increased significantly with increasing BP. The BP3 showed higher values of economical efficiency compared to other groups. It was concluded that supplementing growing male rabbits with BP levels (500, 600 and 700 mg /kg BW) improve growth performance, digestibility coefficient and nutritive values, hematological and blood biochemical variables. Key words: Bee pollen, rabbits, performance, immune response, bacterial count, digestibility, blood parameters.

This study was conducted to compare effect of feeding deferent types and levels of organic acids being Propionic (0.25, 0.5and1.0% PA) and Butyric Acids (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% BA). A total number of 189 one d-old Arbor-Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups, each in three replicates of 9 chicks per replicate. The experiment was lasted when chicks were 42 d old. Performance, pH of some gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) segments, organ morphology, cecal bacteria, blood metabolites, nutrients digestibility and carcass characteristics were measured. Results indicated that tested organic acids improved performance of broiler chicks measured as body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. European Production Efficiency Index (EPEI) significantly improved compared with the control group. Dietary 0.5% PA significantly improved nutrients digestibility of the experimental diets OM, EE, NFE and ME compared to the control. However, the supplementation of PA had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP and CF. While, 0.25 BA significantly improved OM, EE and ME compared to the control and CP significantly improved by using 0.1 % BA compared the other treatments and the control. The pH values were significantly reduced (p<0.01) in different GI-tract segments of the chicks compared to chicks fed the control. Lactobacillus count and coliforms were significantly increased when fed diets supplemented with 0.5 % PA and 0.2% BA compared to the control. While, anaerobes and E. Coli were significantly increased by feeding control diet. Villus height was significantly higher of all organic acids supplementation fed groups. Calcium, phosphorus, total protein and globulin in serum blood were significantly increased by 0.5% PA and 0.2% BA compared to the control. Relative weights of lymphoid organs (spleen and bursa of fabrics) were significantly higher by supplementing the tested organic acids compared to the control group. Carcass characteristics were not significantly affected by PA. Also, BA had no adverse effect on carcass characteristics, where, increased in thigh weight and decreased in abdominal fat were observed compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary 0.5% Propionic acid as well as 0.2% Butyric acid could be used safely to improve performance and health of broiler chickens. Key words: Propionic acid, butyric acid, broiler, performance, digestibility, serum, morphology, pH and bacteria.

Food production systems in Africa depend heavily on the use of locally adapted animals. Goats are critical to small-holder farmers being easier to acquire, maintain, and act as scavengers in sparse pasture. Indigenous goats have undergone generations of adaptation and genetic isolation that have led to great phenotypic variation. These indigenous goats serve as a genetic reservoir for the identification of genes important to environmental adaptation, disease resistance, and improved productivity under local conditions.
The immediate goal is to characterize African goat populations to prioritize conservation and production efforts and to develop genomic tools for use in selective breeding programs. We have established a standardized phenotypic scoring system to characterize goats including geographical information data, body measurements, photo characterization, and DNA. To date, 2,443 goats from 12 countries, representing 46 breeds have been sampled. Using the 50K goat beadchip, we report parameters of population structure of 620 African goats.
Keywords: goat; genetics; Africa; population structure

Sixty weanling cross-breed male rabbits (New Zealand white X Black Baladi) at 6 weeks of age with an average 572 g live body weight were randomly distributed to 5 groups (12 animals per each). The first group was fed on a basal diet while the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were fed on diets contained 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% chamomile flowers (Ch.F), respectively. The results could be summarized as the following: The beast feed conversion ratio recorded with rabbits fed diet containing 0.25% Ch.F. Incorporation of Ch.F in rabbit diet improved digestibility coefficient values, blood biochemical parameters. Addition of Ch.F had a great value for reduction the microbial load in intestine. Also, Ch.F has a powerful effect on enterobacteriaceas colonization in different part of small intestine and has the capability to reduce much of pathogenic strains. From the present results it can be recommended that the best level that should be applied from the Ch.F as natural growth promoter and economical efficiency is 2.5 kg / ton diet.
Key words: chamomile, growth performance, feed additives, rabbits.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding administration of propolis on productive performance, digestibility, egg qualities, semen quality, carcass traits, some blood constituents and economic efficiency. A total of 132 Dokki 4 laying hens, aged 32 weeks, hens was divided into four groups of (30 hens+ 3 cocks). Chicks were randomly divided into control and 3 treatment groups (basal diet containing 100, 200 and 300 mg propolis/kg). The results indicated that:-
1- Final body weight, body weight gain, egg production, egg weight and egg mass for the layers fed diet supplemented with propolis were increased significantly than those fed control diet. Feed intake was not influenced by treatments, whereas feed conversion ratios were significantly improved.
2-Digestibility coefficient values significantly improved for hens fed diet supplemented with propolis compared to those fed control diet.
3- Also, treatment diet supplemented with propolis had significant increased effect on egg shape index (ESI), yolk percentages and shell thickness. However, no effect on albumen and egg shell was found.
4- Moreover, supplementation layer diets with propolis at different levels significantly improved semen quality, fertility and hatchability percentages compared to control.
5-Pre-slaughter weight, dressing, total giblets weight percentage, liver and spleen were significantly (P<0.05) higher for the treatments received propolis than those fed on control.
6- Total microflora count and pH significantly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing propolis.
7-Feeding at different levels propolis lead to significant (P<0.05) decreased of total plasma and yolk total lipids and cholesterol. While, plasma protein, globulin, IgG, IgM, and total plasma antioxidants capacity values were significantly (P<0.05) increased compared to the control group.
8- The immunity responsiveness represented in leukocytes counts and mainly on lymphocytes increased significantly with propolis treatments.
9- Better feed and economic efficiencies were observed with hens fed supplemented propolis.
In conclusion: Supplemented diet with propolis significantly improved productive, reproductive , physiological and immunological status of Dokki 4 chickens and could have better economical efficiency. Keywords: laying hens, propolis, blood components, egg production, digestibility, feed efficiency, immunity, semen quality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding green tea leaves in diet and its aqueous extract in water as na1ural antioxidants on growth performance, digestibility, some blood parameters and carcass characteristics of growing rabbit One hundred and forty APRI line weaned rabbits (20 rabbit per treatment) of about 5 weeks of age with an average live body weight of 580 gm, were used in this study.
Seven experimental treatments were designed in this experiment to evaluate different levels of green tea leaves in diets and the same doses of green tea extract in water, which calculated as gm green tea /kg live body weight The experimental treatments were as follows: control (received basal diet and without any Supplementation in water), GTL2 (received 2% green tea leaves powder in diet and without any supplementation in water), GTL4 (received 4% green tea leaves powder in diet and without any supplementation in water) GTL6 (received 6% green tea leaves powder in diet and without any supplementation in water), GTE2 (received basal diet and aqueous green tea extract at equal dose of GTL2 supplementing in water), GTE4 (received basal diet and aqueous green tea extract at equal dose of GTL4 supplementing in water) and GTE6 (received basal diet and aqueous green tea extract at equal dose ofGTL6 supplementing in water).
The results of this. study showed that final body weight and daily weight gain did not significantly differences among rabbits received control, GTL2 and GTE2 treatments. While, final body weight and daily weight gain were decreased significantly with other levels of GTL in diet or GTE in water. Feed intake (gm/d) was decreased significantly adding GIL in diet or GTE in water. Feed conversion ratio improved significantly with adding GTL in diet or its GTE. Mortality rate did not significantly affect by experimental treatment Supplementing GTL in rabbit's diet or GTE in water had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility, except for digestion coefficient of CP, which significantly decreased with supplementing GTL or GTE. Addition of dietary green tea leaves or its aqueous extract at water decreased significantly both blood serum cholesterol and total lipids as compared with that of control. In addition there was no adverse effect on both liver and kidney functions. In conclusion, supplementing 2% green tea leaves in diet or its aqueous extract at equal dose in water as natural antioxidants for growing rabbits can reduce lipids metabolism and cholesterol content in meat without any adverse effect on their growth performance. Also, evidences indicated that green tea can decrease blood lipids tractions.
Keywords: Rabbit, green tea, digestibility, blood, growth performance.

This study aimed to use of Leuceana leucoccphalalam hay (L.H) for ruminant it's effects on performance, milk production and composition as a partial replacer of concentrate feed mixture (CFM) in sheep ration. A total of 16 mature rams (40 - 45 kg live body weight) were used in digestion trial, arranged as (4x4) Latin square design and twenty eight. growing Saidi male lambs were used in growth trial. Animals in each trial were randomly divided into four groups according to their body weight On the other hand, twenty four ewes were used in milk yield trail. For diets were used in all experiments. Ration 1 (R1, CFM +wheat straw), ration 2 (R2, CFM+ wheat straw +20% Leuceana hay), ration 3 (R3, CFM+ wheat straw +40% Leuceana hay) and ration 4 (R4, CFM+ wheat straw +60010 Leuceana hay) CFM and wheat straw were used in RI, R2, R3 and R4 as 3 % and 1% of live body weight, respectively, while Leuceana hay percentages were used to cover a partial of protein from CFM.
Diets containing Leuceana hay had higher dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract digestibility (NFED), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) and hemicelluloses digestibility coefficients (HMCD)compared to control diet, except R4 concerning neutral detergent fiber digestibility and hemicelluloses digestibility. There were significant differences (P<0.01 and P<0.001) in total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) among the experimental rations except R4 in TDN. The average total and daily gain, feed consumption and feed conversion was in favour of diets containing Leuceana hay. The differences were significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05) among the different diets. Results of milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, total solids and fat corrected milk were higher in diets containing Leuceana hay compared to control diet. The differences were significant (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001) among different diets.
Results obtained revealed that, feeding rams and ewes rations containing LLH hay as a non-traditional ration and source of partial protein instead of CFM protein up to 60% appeared to have higher nutrient digestibility, increased daily gain and improved feed efficiency. Moreover, decreasing in feed cost would be achieved.
Keywords: Performance, digestibility, Leuceana leucocephala hay, milk yield, total solids, fat corrected milk.

The objectives of the current study were to assess the efficacy of addition of different glutamine levels diluted in low density lipoproteins (12% LDL) on the freezability and fertility of Egyptian buffalo semen. Therefore, semen was collected by artificial vagina from three buffalo bulls, around 34 years old, once weekly and held in a water bath at 35-37°C, then only ejaculates having more than 70% advanced motility were pooled for each collection day (for 4 consecutive weeks). On each collection day, pooled semen was diluted with basic 12% LDL extender and divided into 7 parts; the first one was served as control without any glutamine supplementation, while the others, glutamine (Gln) was added at levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mM. Semen diluted at a rate of 1:20 was placed into a refrigerator at 5°C for 4 b to equilibrate. At the end of equilibration period, extended semen was packaged in 0.25 ml French straws .and stored at -196°C for at least one month. Thereafter, frozen semen was thawed by dipping the straws into a water bath at 37°C for 30 seconds. Percentages of advanced motility, live, intact acrosome and plasma membrane integrity of buffalo spermatozoa were determined and recovery rate was calculated for post equilibrated and post-thawed semen. The results indicated that low Glutamine concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mM) improved significantly (P < 0.05) semen motility, live, intact acrosome and plasma membrane integrity than 50 mM or 60 mM glutamine and non significant with 40 mM after 30 days of storage in LN. In addition 12% LDL extender with 10, 20 and 30 mM glutamine resulted in the highest conception rates (72.2, 73.3 and 66.6%, respectively) followed with 40 mM Gin (62.5%), 50 mM Gln (55.6%), and 60 mM Gln (50.0%).
In conclusion, diluents based on 12% LDL plus 10 and 20 mM lead to improvement of frozen semen characteristics and fertility of Egyptian buffalo bulls semen Keywords: Buflalo bulls; Cryopreservation; Semen characteristics; 12% LDL extender; Glutamine.

This study was conducted to determine whether maximum fasting period improves heat tolerance in White Pekin ducks with or without dietary supplementation with organic selenium and does not cause oxidative stress. Two hundred and forty of White Pekin ducklings at one-day old were divided into two groups of 120 birds each: The first group was fed standard diet and the second group was fed standard diet supplemented with 0.3 ppm organic selenium (Se). Each group was divided into four treatments (A, B, C and D) equal in number (30 ducklings). Treat A served as control and was fed ad libitum. Whereas, treat B, C and D were kept off feed 1Tom 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. and 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., respectively, each treat included three replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was lasted when ducks were 42 days old. Growth performances, Carcass characteristics, some organs as a percentage of body weight, thyroid hormone, some blood components and oxidative status parameters were measured. At 21 days of age, ducks in fasted treats B and C with organic selenium supplementation had superior improvement in body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the other treats. Also, Fasted treat with selenium supplementation reduced plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid, activity of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations compared with control treat. On the other hand, re-feeding from 22 to 42 days with selenium supplementation in fasted treats B and C had improvement in body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the other treats. In addition, re-feeding from 22 to 42 days with selenium supplementation had little effect on some physiological traits; however, there were no significant differences concerning plasma cholesterol, glucose, uric acid concentrations and malondialdehyde content between treatments while, activity of plasma GSHPx was improved in fasted treats with selenium supplementation at 42 days of age. Moreover, increase in the fasting period with selenium supplementation also resulted in comparatively lower rectal temperature of the ducks under study at 21 or 42 days of age is concluded from the present results that fasting for 8 hours ducks were suffere4 severe physiological and oxidative stress but addition of organic selenium supplementation can alleviate the stress of the birds, while fasting for 4 hours or 6 hours with selenium supplementation during hot environmental temperatures could improve the productivity and oxidative status of White Pekin ducks.
Keywords: Pekin ducks, selenium, fasting, some physiological responses and productive performance.