The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farm of Horticulture Research Station
of El-Kanater El-Khayria, Qaluobeia Governorate, Egypt, along two successive years (30 months starting from
March 2018 to August 2020), aimed to study the effects of Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) and the
calcareous soil. Results showed significant increases in all seedling growth parameters (seedling height, stem
diameter, root length and fresh weight of shoots and roots) compared with un-inoculated seedlings. Also,
growth parameters showed superiority for co-inoculation with VAM+B.M or with B.P compared to other
treatments. Inoculation increased total chlorophyll content in leaves and carbohydrate percentages in stems
compared to un-inoculated seedlings of all studied tree species. Also, results revealed increments in N, P and
K % in leaves of inoculated seedlings with superiority to VAM + B.M and VAM+M.P. On the other hand, the
results showed that mycorrhiza and phosphoate dissolving bacteria treatments improved soil properties as it
decreased pH and EC and increased organic matter (O.M.), beside increasing N, P and K availability forms
with plant roots in a host-nonspecific manner. Seven
Bowen and Rovira [2] classified the soil microorganisms types of mycorrhizae have been known i.e. arbuscular,
into categories in relation to their effects on plant growth, ecto, arbutoid, ectendo, ericoid, monotropoid and
negatives (detrimental): such as root pathogens, sub orchidaceous mycorrhizae. Out of these, arbuscular and
clinical pathogens; neutral rhizobacteria, cyanide ectomycorrhizae are the most abundant and wide spread.
producers and positives (beneficial): such as rhizobia, They promote plant growth by enhancing nutrient
mycorrhizae; antagonists (biocontrol) hormone producers, acquisition and promoting growth hormones. They also
plant growth promoting bacteria. It’s well known that the increase the resistance in plants against plant pathogens
depending on the type of microorganisms, plant species,
and environmental conditions[1]. From this point of view
seedlings of Swietenia macrophylla King, Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb grown in
lebbeck Dalbergia sissoo Calcareous soil
of limited P, microbes aid in mitigating P uses and
phosphate dissolving bacteria Bacillus megatherium (B.M.) and Bacillus polymexa (B.P.) inoculation on
especially P, which changed from insoluble to soluble form

Rapid increases in population and industrial growth have led to use low quality water such as
drainage and saline water as well as waste water for irrigation. A pot experiment was conducted during
2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons in Timber Trees and Forestry Department, Horticulture Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt, to evaluate effects of treated wastewater irrigation on growth, chemical
composition and essential oils extracted from seedlings of three woody plants (Myrtus comunis, Eucalyptus
camaldulensis and Cupressus sempervirens). These seedlings were grown in sandy loamy soil irrigated with
two types of irrigation water, tap water and treated waste water. The obtained results revealed that, the use of
treated waste water was superior than tap water in improving all growth parameters of the three woody plant
species beside its positive effect on their chemical composition. As regard essential oils, data showed that
waste water irrigation increased oils quantity reaching, 41.3, 78.6 and 37.5% over control of the three plant
species respectively with slight variable changes in its components .Also, data revealed that there is no
accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in essential oil in spite of its presence in
traces in plant leaves. Thus, treated wastewater can be safely used as irrigation water source for these plant
species as a timber tree or medicinal plants to partially solve the problem of the shortage in irrigation water and
essential oil production

A pot experiment was carried out at the nursery of Timber Trees and Forestry Dep., Hort.Res. Inst.,
A.R.C., Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 in a sandy loamy soil on four woody trees seedlings
(Albizia lebbek, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Taxodium distichum) to investigate their
growth and chemical composition under wastewater irrigation. The obtained results showed a variable response
in all growth parameters, total chlorophylls, total sugars and N, P and K % among the studied seedlings.
On the other hand, seedling showed heavy metals accumulation (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P b and Zn ppm).
This accumulation was more pronounced in the roots than stem and leaves except of Zn which recorded
more accumulation in the leaves while Ni and Pb accumulated more in stem in all plants. Finally, this
research showed superiority to Albizia lebbek followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis, then Dalbergia sissoo
seedlings as a phytoremediator agent while Taxodium distichum recorded the lowest effective seedling in this
work.

A pot experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Timber Trees and Forestry Research
Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt during two successive
seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) to study the effect of application of different concentrations of boron
and selenium either individually or as a mixture on growth parameters and chemicals composition of
Tipuana speciosa seedlings grown under different irrigation intervals. Results showed that, increasing
irrigation interval from 4 to 16 days caused a significant decrease in all growth characters, (seedling height, stem
diameter, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots) except root length which is the longest with prolonged
interval. Also, N, P, K concentrations and chlorophylls contents decreased while, the contents of total sugars
and proline increased with prolonged interval as well as Na+ and Cl %. On the other hand, results revealed that -
application of (B and/ or Se) significantly increased all growth parameters under investigation as well as
enhanced N, P, K, chlorophylls, sugars and proline contents with decreasing of Na+ and Cl levels. From the -
current study it can be concluded that the best results referred to spraying the plants with B 4.0 mg/l plus Se
4.0mg/l with prolonged irrigation to counteract the injurious of drought stress on Tipuana speciosa seedlings

A pot experimint was carried out at the Nursery of Forestry Department, Horticulture Research
Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, in the two successive seasons, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020
to study the effect of three nitrogen fertilizer forms (Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate)
under different levels of salinity on growth and chemical composition of Salix babylonica seedling grown in
sandy loamy soils. The results showed that, increasing salt concentration decreased seedling height, stem
diameter, shoots and roots fresh and dry weights, number of branches and number of leaves concern with
9dSm concentration with any nitrogen form, when compared to control. On the other hand, sugars, proline, 1
Na and Cl increased by increasing salinity level, while chlorophyll, N, P, K and Ca were diminished. The results
disclosed that using calcium nitrate as a form of nitrogen significantly increased whole of the studied growth
characters compared to other sources of N fertilizers. Also, using calcium nitrate increased the contents of N,
P, K and Ca, as well as chlorophyll, sugars and proline and decreased the contents of Cl and Na compared to
ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate under the same level of salt concentration

Background: Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is one of the important crops in terms of nutritional and medicinal value
in the countries of Western Asia and North Africa. Despite the fact that some countries have used Carob in
traditional medicines, the modern food industry began to discover the great potential of this plant which
differentiates with antioxidant capacity as well as other important medicinal activities. Some of very few studies that
have been reported on this important plant were published.
Methodology: In the present study, micropropagation behavior and biochemical constituents of Ceratonia siliqua L.
cultured on MS medium supplemented with different types and concentrations of cytokinins (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5
mg/l BA, Kin, or TDZ and 0.2 mg/l NAA) under various light qualities ((white, green, blue, red, and yellow) were
examined.
Results: MS culture medium supplemented with BA produced the highest shootlets number/explants. For light
quality, the data showed that green light increased shootlet number/explants, fresh and dry weights. However,
yellow light increased shootlet length and leaves number and also caused significant increase in total phenols,
flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) as compared to other lights. HPLC analysis showed that yellow light
caused the highest accumulation of total phenolic and catechin that were the highest accumulated compounds
(509 ?g/ml) followed by that were accumulated under green light (412.68 ?g/ml). Shootlets grown under white
light (control) gave the highest accumulation of p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, and cinnamic acid. Shootlets
grown under blue light gave the highest accumulation of gentisic acid and syringic acid. Red light caused the
highest accumulation of vanillic acid. However, white light accumulated the highest amount of flavonoid
compounds comparing with other light qualities.
Conclusion: This study had reached to optimize a suitable micropropagation protocol of Ceratonia siliqua L. and
characterization of biochemical constituents that can be beneficial for increasing its medical value which will help
in food industries for commercial purposes

Populus nigra plants were subjected to four soil salinity levels (0. 0,3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 dSm-1
) in a
pot experiment with two types of nutrients foliar applications (silicon at 100 and 200 mg/l and
glycine betaine at 200 and 400 mg/l). Salinity treatments reduced all growth characters. On the other
hand, sugars, proline, Na and Cl contents increased by increasing salinity levels, while chlorophylls,
N, P and K diminished. Foliar application of silicon or glycine betaine enhanced all the studied growth
characters, as well as the organic (sugars, proline and chlorophylls) and inorganic components (N,P
and K), while Na and Cl decreased. The combination of Si (200 mg/l) + GB (400 mg /l), gave the best
results, alleviating the adverse salinity effects on the growth and development of Populus nigra.

A consortium of highly degrading microorganisms was used in an integrated bioaugmentation/electrocoagulation process for treating
olive mill wastewater. The system was investigated for treating 1 m3 day?1
, at a pilot scale, for 2 years; hydraulic loading rate and
organic loading rate were 2880 l m?2 day?1 and 37,930 g COD m?2 day?1
, respectively. Average removal efficiency for COD, oils, and
total phenols was 63.9%, 85.2%, and 43.6%, respectively. The olive mill consortium, OMC, consisted of seven actinomycete strains.
The strains were confirmed, by 16S rDNA analysis, to belong to five Streptomyces, one Kitasatospora, and one Micromonospora
strains, at 100–99.06% similarities. Hydrolytic enzyme activities of OMC strains were remarkably higher for degrading cellulosic and
lipid constituents (enzyme-cumulative indices, 14–16.1), than the phenolic constituents (indices, 4.1–6.5). The establishment of
actinomycetes in the treatment system was indicated by their increased counts in the biofilm at the end of the biofilter, reaching 13-
fold higher than that in the control bed. The treated effluent was toxic to the seedlings of Jatropha curcas (Jatropha) and Simmondsia
chinensis (Jojoba). Though its application in irrigation of 3-year-old Jatropha shrubs, significantly, enhanced the fruit yield up to 1.85-
fold higher than the control, without affecting the seed oil content, after 3-month application, the irrigated soil showed insignificant
changes in its biochemical properties. This developed bioaugmentation/electrocoagulation process can treat wastewater with extremely
high organic strength, while its approximate construction and operational costs are limited to 0.03 and 0.51 US$ m?3
, respectively. It
produces a treated effluent that can be reused in irrigation of specific plants

Blackberry is considered one of the most industrial plants, while a large amount of its fruits is
sold as fresh another has multiplied biomass production, such as flavonoids, vitamin C, polyphenolic
and antioxidants which inter in medicinal and food processes. Therefore, this investigation has been
carried out to study the micropropagation of Rubus fruticosus shootlets, induction and growth of
callus and enhancement of previous bioproduct content in both of shootlets and calli. The results
revealed that free MS medium gave the highest significant values in survival (91.67%), shootlet
(1.83), leaves numbers/explant (7.33) and shootlet length (31.67mm) in the establishment stage
compared with WPM or B5 media. Multiplication medium provide with BA at 0.6 mg/l recorded the
highest survival (100%) and greatest number of shootlet /explant (3.4) after the first subculture
compared to other treatments. Adding activated charcoal at 2g/l to quarter strength of MS or the
culture on half MS strength gave the maximum rooting (100%). In acclimatization stage, transplanting
the plantlets in green house on mixture soil of peatmoss only or of (1peatmoss:1sand /v/v) was the
most suitable for raising the survival of plantlets to (100%). For callus induction, the increase in
concentration of 2, 4-D from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l on callus medium plus 0.5 mg/l NAA raised the rate of
callus formation by (100%). The combination between 0.5mg/l NAA and 1.0mg/l 2, 4-D gave the
highest value of callus fresh weight across three subcultures. The highest content of bioactive
compounds obtained from shoots represented as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total
phenols and total antioxidant (112.26, 46.57, 127.72, 239.45 and 948.61 mg/100g), respectively were
recorded as result of using 0.4 mg/l BA. While, using 0.2mg/l BA in the culture medium resulted the
highest amount of total flavonoids and vitamin C (28.50 and 222.30 mg/100g FW), respectively.