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In light of the foregoing results, the following can be recommended:
1. Re-focusing on the cultivation of high-quality varieties according to the irrigation water available for the rice crop using technological methods and thus increasing the production of rice along with horizontal expansion in accordance with the government's plan for the cultivation of one and a half million acres.
2. Activating the role of agricultural extension and cooperatives in guiding farmers to the correct use of water and rationalizing its use, especially in the cultivation of the rice crop.
3. Work to improve the productivity of the wheat crop in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate by following the different technological methods and choosing the appropriate varieties and the appropriate method of cultivation and harvesting of the wheat crop, which results in an increase in production in the governorate in particular and in Egypt in general.
4. The necessity of reviewing the agricultural policies related to cotton and rice crops, especially the legislation that allocates the areas and varieties of cotton and the way it is traded, and not to leave the cotton seed trade to the private sector.
5. The necessity of working on the price stability of the cotton crop, thus stabilizing the areas and then stabilizing production and exports.
6. Establishing a fixed marketing policy for the cotton crop through the contractual policy and announcing the guarantee prices to farmers well before planting dates so that the farmer can respond to the policy of the state represented in the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation.
7. Using agricultural research institutes for study crops to devise varieties that are resistant to climatic changes that cause a decrease in production in general in Egypt, especially in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, and also try to devise varieties of rice with less water consumption.
8. Providing production requirements in agricultural associations in order to reduce their prices in the markets, which causes an increase in production costs for the crops under study for the farmers, and then the farmers tend to plant other crops.
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Master Thesis: Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 2022.
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• M. Sc. in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics): Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2022.
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Wheat is one of the most affected agricultural and food commodities in the world markets, where it has been observed in the recent period the rise in the global prices of those commodities, and given that Egypt is one of the largest countries that import wheat, so the import of wheat has had repercussions on the Egyptian national economy, where it was required to provide the necessary foreign exchange to import the requirements of local consumption of wheat, so the state paid attention to great to find solutions to reduce the problem of the wheat gap in Egypt by studying the problems facing the state and farmers towards this problem, Egypt produces about 8183 thousand tons as an average period (2001-2020) while the cultivated area of it is about 3008 thousand acres as an average for the same period, wheat is grown in several governorates of the Arab Republic of Egypt, in, where Sharqia produces about 998 thousand tons as an average period (2001-2020) while the cultivated area of it is about 368 thousand acres on average for the same period.
The problem of the study is the fluctuation in the production of wheat crop in the province of Sharqia and the delay in its ranking in productivity at the level of the Republic despite the cultivation of large areas during the period (2016-2020), while its use of many varieties in the cultivation of the wheat crop, however, the productivity of most varieties is medium production, which shows that there are many production problems suffered by the Eastern, which necessarily requires standing on these problems and trying to develop appropriate solutions to them, and help decision makers in developing appropriate production policies that help raise the productivity of the wheat crop, and will study the production capacities, and the production costs of wheat in terms of value.
The study used the two descriptive and quantitative methods in analysing and presenting data and drawing conclusions that are useful in addressing the problem of the study, which is represented in the analysis of time series, measuring indicators of productivity efficiency of wheat as well as studying the production costs and conducting a questionnaire to study the functions of production and costs of wheat crop in Sharqia Governorate, and the study also relied on various published and unpublished secondary data, local.
The most important results of the study; Estimates of the total productive flexibility of the elements used in the function, that the farmers in the study sample survive in the first stage of the production function, which needs to use the optimal combination of production elements, which reflects the nature of the increasing yield of capacity for the four categories respectively.
The results of the estimation of the functions of production costs in the study sample showed that the civilian size of the costs amounted to about 16.3, 17.4, 17.9, 16.1, 18.1 ardab for the four categories and the total sample respectively, and that the most large volume of profits was 20.9, 20.2, 20.6, 22.9, 22.2 ardab for the four categories and the total sample also on the tarti B, and that the optimal capacity is 1.45, 3.1, 6.08, 8.3, 3.5 acres for the four categories and the total sample on the tarti B, and the total cost flexibility was 0.87, 0.83, 0.79, 0.76, 1.45 for the four categories and the total sample respectively, which shows the production of wheat farmers in the study sample in the non-economic phase according to the results of the estimate of cost functions for the four categories in the short term.
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• M. Sc. in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics): Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 2022.
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Citrus cultivation comes first among the fruit crops in Egypt. As its exposure many diseases recently, led to a decrease its productivity, (which is represented the problem of the study), where the productivity decreases, and the production costs increase, so that requires studying of factors affect maximization of the farm income. The study aims to measure the economic efficiency of orange in Sharkia Governorate. The study was depended on statistical and qualitative methods and adopted on two sources of data: secondary data and primary data. One of the most important results showed that the variable costs represented less than 60% of total costs, but fixed costs represented more than 40% of total cost. Average of productivity per feddan is considered the most important indicator of economic efficiency of this study, and amounted the maximum value was about 30 tons / feddan in summer orange , however amounted its minimum value in placenta orange which was about 6.5 tons / feddan .The return of the invested pound amounted its maximum value by about 1.82 L.E in the summer orange cultivated in new lands, and amounted its minimum value by about 1.42 L.E in the placenta orange cultivated in old lands. The study recommended to maximize the net profit by access to optimal production, productivity and optimized economic production in accordance with cost of production. As well as, the importance of continuing in project of citrus improving in the Ministry of Agriculture in cooperation with the Horticultural Research Institute as it deals with many problems of citrus.
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• M. Sc. : Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 2021.
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Agricultural industries are one of the important and vital solutions to protect agricultural production and agriculture from fluctuations in production and increased demand at a certain time leading to damage to both the product or farms as a result of the low prices resulting from increased supply or lack or decline in demand, as the research problem in agricultural manufacturing has all to do with the inputs and outputs of agricultural production, and therefore represents the most important pillars of investment in the agricultural sector, but investment in it differs from the rest of agricultural investment in the high degree of risk due to the fact that Its inputs are exposed to many risky variables such as weather fluctuations, production labels and rapid product damage
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The study was mainly aimed at planning agricultural production policy and agricultural manufacturing policies to ensure their integration through the current position of the most important agricultural industries associated with both the inputs and outputs of the agricultural sector and determining the future position of these industries under national agricultural projects. 2- Studying the elements of the Egyptian food balance and identifying the most important goods in it and the energies achieved for it and the possibility of increasing them as well as the marketing services necessary to achieve it.

The study relied on the methods of descriptive and inference analysis in achieving the objectives of the study and the general trend equations were used to measure growth rates and forecasting, and the use of published and unpublished secondary bulletins from the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics and bulletins of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, research and studies related to the subject of the study.
The study consists of the entrance to the study and five chapters, and the entrance to the study deals with both the introduction, the research problem, the objectives of the study, the research method, data sources and the reference review of previous studies and research.
The study found the results:
- The annual growth rate of the number of animal units producing dairy from cows and buffalo decreased by about 0.6%, decreased the area of green feed and production by about 2.9, 2.1% respectively, and decreased the growth rate of the average share of the dairy-producing animal unit from the area and production of green feed at a rate of About 2.3, 2.1% respectively, the growth rate of the feed needs of animal units decreased from concentrated feed 0.6% per annum, which led to a decrease in dairy production from exporters at an annual growth rate of about 0.9%, which is equivalent to about 49 thousand tons Annually.

-The annual growth rate of the actual production capacity of the manufacture of white cheese, municipal amnesties and yogurt increased at a rate of about 13.3%, 17.3%, 7.8% respectively, and the annual growth rate of average value per ton for dairy products of white cheese, dry cheese, yogurt, municipal amuse and pasteurized yogurt at a growth rate of about 5%, 6%, 7%, 9%, 8% respectively.

-Average wheat production increased by about 8,506,000 tons and with a growth rate of about 1.2%,(2) the growth rate of wheat imports increased by about 7%, as well as the average wheat consumption increased by about 16,570 thousand tons at a growth rate of about 4%, the decline of individual consumption about 145 kg/year at a growth rate of about 2.5%, this is evidence of the success of the bread organizer, the growth rate of fine flour increased by 72%, biscuits and pasta about 9%, 1.23%, 5.3% each respectively and municipal flour averaged about 4880 thousand tons and represented about 57% of the average wheat production.

-The growth rate for the production of sugar crops increased by about 3%, and the annual average production of sugar cane and sugar beet was estimated at about 16.4, 7.5 million tons each respectively, and the annual average sugar production was about 1952 thousand tons, the average annual production of oil crops was about 527 thousand tons, and the average production of oils and industrial amuse was estimated at about 331 thousand tons and represented about 63% of the average production of oil crops.

-The annual average production of fresh vegetables, sauce making, frozen vegetables and preserved vegetables was about 14,626, 111,160,52,000 tons each, respectively, the annual average consumption of frozen and preserved sauces and vegetables was about 49.79.40 thousand tons each respectively, while for the average annual per capita consumption was about 0.64, 0.9, 0.51 kg/year each respectively. The growth rate for fresh fruit production increased by about 2.7%, and the annual average for the breeder and juice industry was about 39,231,000 tons each, respectively.

- The annual average production of red meat was about 925,000 tons, the average annual production of processed meat products was estimated at about 87,000 tons and represented about 9.4% of total red meat production, the growth rate for red meat consumption increased by about 2%, and the growth rate for the production of fresh fish and smoked fish increased by about 6%, 8.4% each respectively.

-The growth rate of the total value of industrial production at the public and private sector levels increased by about 8.3%, and the total production value of manufacturing industries amounted to about 9.5%, the average annual value added of agricultural and non-agricultural manufacturing industries at the public sector level was about EGP 6.61 billion each, respectively, while the average for the private sector was about 83.109 billion pounds each, respectively.

- The average number of workers in agricultural and non-agricultural manufacturing for the public sector was about 123,143,000, respectively, while for the private sector the average was about 385,348,000 workers respectively.

- The average production value of agricultural manufacturing divisions, namely food products, tobacco, textiles, leather, timber and paper for the public sector, was about 10.5-5.8-2.5-0.68-0.29 billion pounds each, respectively, while the private sector was about 17.8-0.13-6-0.12-2.3 billion pounds respectively, as well as the average value of the value The public sector added 2.3-5.8-2.5-0.068-0.29 billion pounds respectively, while the private sector was about 17.8-0.13-6-0.12-2.3 billion pounds on the order, the average number of employees of the agricultural manufacturing departments of the public sector was 38, 12 and 69. The private sector accounted for about 194, 3.5, 16, 4.6 and 22,000 workers, respectively.
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• Master Thesis: Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2020.
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Legume crops are considered to be one of the most important agricultural crops in Egypt. It is the first bean crop in Egyptian terms of cultivated area and total production. Consumption, where green and dry seeds are used in human nutrition due to the high content of protein up to 30% and carbohydrates to 58% in addition to it contains vitamin A, B, and C, and is characterized by high potassium, iron and calcium, and uses the bean husk and the result of secondary known as hay Beans as feed for livestock and poultry, as well as a course in improving soil properties and fertility by increasing atmospheric nitrogen to the soil will benefit the next crop grown after faba bean. Despite the economic and social importance of the faba bean crop in Egypt, domestic production does not meet the consumption requirements, the area cultivated from this strategic crop decreased during the period (1990 - 2015) from about 344.6 thousand feddans in 1990 to about 81.9 thousand feddans in 2015, a decrease of about 76% of the cultivated area in 1990. Hence the problem of this study is the existence of a food gap between what is produced and consumed from this crop, especially in light of the steady increase in the population, which led to an increase in the quantity of imports to meet the requirements of national consumption, where amount of imports of faba bean increased from about 73 thousand tons From 2000 to about 650.79 thousand tons in 2016, an increase of about 891%, The value of imports reached 2153 million pounds in 2015. This study examined the food gap of faba bean and how to reduce it by studying the development of production, productivity, area, consumption, production costs, net yield, relative importance of production cost items, estimation of production functions, study of the efficiency of using agricultural resources, and the study of the most important factors affecting the function of faba bean supply response.
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• M. Sc. in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics): Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2020.
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This study focuses on the evolution of urban encroachment on arable land in Egypt. There are three forms of encroachment on arable land. The first type is the removal of the fertile topsoil of agricultural land for the main purpose of bricks manufacturing. The second type is the setting aside of arable land and letting the land go unproductive for long time periods. The third type is the permanent conversion of arable land to buildings. The total acreage lost to encroachment from January 25, 2011 revolution till November 18, 2018 is about 85 thousands feddans of fertile land.
The first type of topsoil removal constitutes 7.7 percent of the total lost acreage. While setting aside of arable land constitutes 35.5 percent and the conversion of arable land to buildings constitutes 57.8 percent of total land lost to encroachment.
Rapid population growth is the main driver for accelerating encroachment on arable land in Egypt. This is especially evident in the governorates that are not endowed with desert backyard. Gharbeya governorate is a good example of densely populated regions with no desert backyard that could be used for urban expansion. The study reveals that population in Gharbeya grew during the period 2006-2017 with an annually rate of 2.1 percent.
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• M. Sc. in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics): Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2020.
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There are large quantities of agricultural wastes available annually in Egypt - economically unexploited agricultural by-products, the most important of which are hay, rice straw, wood and green thrones.These can be used as animal feeds after mechanical, chemical or biological treatments to increase their nutritional valueEspecially since most of these residues are low in crude protein and high in fiber and cellulosic substances that decrease digestion and palatability when feeding animals without any treatment.It is estimated that the total amount of agricultural residues in Egypt ranges from 13-15 million tons per year, although there is a deficit in coarse feed estimated at 4.5 million tons and aims to develop livestock in Egypt to eliminate the current gap in animal products,Average annual per capita consumption of domestic livestock products is estimated at about 12 kg of red meat, 8.6 kg of poultry meat, 10.2 kg of fish, 71.9 kg of milk and 3.9 kilograms of eggs according to 2016 estimates, well below the average consumption in many developing countriesThe lack of feed resources is a major constraint to the development of livestock in Egypt, where it is estimated that the balance of feed (the relationship between feed needs and available feed resources) that Egypt suffers an annual shortage of about 3.5 million tons of digested food T. D.N, Poultry and animals, the cost of the state about 13.7 billion poundsTherefore, about 6.8 million tons of maize were imported in 2015 to be used in the manufacture of feedstuffs. It is estimated that the value of animal production requirements is estimated at 68 billion pounds, representing about 72% of the total value of agricultural production requirements estimated at 94.6 billion. Pounds,This leads to an increase in the cost of local resources as a result of the high prices of livestock inputs.This leads to the contraction of domestic supply in light of the liberalization of foreign trade as a result of the competition of imported meat, where increasing quantities of imported red meat for low prices, as previous studies indicate the relative importance of the costs of feeding dairy animals, which represents about 72% of the average total.
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• Master Thesis: Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, 2020.
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The Egyptian countryside faces many problems, especially in recent times, where unemployment and low personal incomes have become one of the most pressing problems in the Egyptian countryside. The way to solve these problems in the Egyptian countryside.
The main objective of this study is to identify the role of some MFIs in the rural areas of Egypt by examining the following sub-objectives: The current status of the role of the most important microfinance institutions in the Egyptian countryside - Local Development Fund The role of enterprise development in microfinance in rural Egypt, the development of loans disbursed by the enterprise development authority distributed according to the productive activities of small and micro enterprises in some governorates. The relative importance.
From the above the study recommends:-
1-Encouraging the expansion of small and micro agricultural projects in order to provide job opportunities for young graduates and raise the standard of living in rural Egypt.
2- Activating the role of the financiers of small and micro agricultural projects through the provision of many credit facilities and the provision of easy loans.
3-Provide technical and economic consultations that help small business owners to overcome the obstacles they face during and after the establishment of those other projects under study.
4- Activate the role of marketing policies, including marketing of products of small and micro enterprises and protect them from the exploitation of merchants with the provisions of control.
5-Activate the role of serious control and follow-up of borrowers to ensure the correctness of doing projects or not.
6- Integration of small, small, medium and large projects within each governorate.
7- Establishing centers for training young people on small and micro projects.
8- Establishing outlets for the sale of products of small and micro projects in the province of each province.
9- Deepening studies in such projects to show and guide decision makers in this important investment area for young people in the Egyptian village.
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• M. Sc. in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics): Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, 2020.
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The Egyptian countryside faces many problems, especially in recent times, where unemployment and low personal incomes have become one of the most pressing problems in the Egyptian countryside. The way to solve these problems in the Egyptian countryside.
The main objective of this study is to identify the role of some MFIs in the rural areas of Egypt by examining the following sub-objectives: The current status of the role of the most important microfinance institutions in the Egyptian countryside - Local Development Fund The role of enterprise development in microfinance in rural Egypt, the development of loans disbursed by the enterprise development authority distributed according to the productive activities of small and micro enterprises in some governorates. The relative importance.
From the above the study recommends:-
1-Encouraging the expansion of small and micro agricultural projects in order to provide job opportunities for young graduates and raise the standard of living in rural Egypt.
2- Activating the role of the financiers of small and micro agricultural projects through the provision of many credit facilities and the provision of easy loans.
3-Provide technical and economic consultations that help small business owners to overcome the obstacles they face during and after the establishment of those other projects under study.
4- Activate the role of marketing policies, including marketing of products of small and micro enterprises and protect them from the exploitation of merchants with the provisions of control.
5-Activate the role of serious control and follow-up of borrowers to ensure the correctness of doing projects or not.
6- Integration of small, small, medium and large projects within each governorate.
7- Establishing centers for training young people on small and micro projects.
8- Establishing outlets for the sale of products of small and micro projects in the province of each province.
9- Deepening studies in such projects to show and guide decision makers in this important investment area for young people in the Egyptian village.
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• M. Sc. in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics): Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, 2020.
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The study aimed to identify the economic variables affecting the significant decline in the supply in Egypt of flax, study the marketing paths, evaluate the pricing and marketing policy, identify the production and marketing problems and obstacles facing flax growers, the first chapter dealt with the reference review, and the second chapter dealt with the current situation of flax production. The third chapter reviewed the standard estimation of the flax crop production functions, the fourth chapter included the standard estimation of the flax production costs functions, and the fifth chapter dealt with the marketing methods and evaluation of its price policy for the flax crop. and agricultural guidance, setting the factory receipt prices for the flax crop in line with the increase in production costs, integrating the expansion of the area of flax and its manufacturing units in the form of spinning and weaving that can be exported instead of being exported in the form of fibers to increase the added value of it to the national economy.
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