This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Zn supplementation in inorganic (zinc sulfate, ZnSO4) and organic (zinc methionine, Zn-Met) forms at two levels (100 or 200 ppm/kg) on productive performance, evaluation of the experimental diets, immune response, genitalia organs development, semen characteristics and fertilizing ability of rabbit bucks on New Zealand White rabbits. One hundred male New Zealand White rabbit (at 6 weeks of age, 808 ± 11g average body weight) were divided into five homogenous groups. The 1st group was fed basal diet as a control, the 2nd and the 3rd groups were fed on the same diet supplemented with 100 or 200 mg Zn/kg diet as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4, inorganic form) and the 4th and the 5th groups were fed on the same diet supplemented with 100 or 200 mg zinc methionine (Zn-Met, organic form).The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of source of zinc (organic and inorganic form) and the level of zinc supplementation on productive performance, growth performance (live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, live rabbit percentage, digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF and EE, nutritive values as DCP and TDN, and efficiency of immune response of growing New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits.
Eighteen ejaculates from each buck (two ejaculates/day, three times in the 1st week of 7th, 8th and 9th months of age) were collected and evaluated for semen quality. At the 1st week of 7th, 8th and 9th months of age), five bucks of each group were bred with 20 receptive nulliparous female rabbits. Results of testosterone concentration in blood, sperm cell concentration, motility (%), live sperm (%) and intact acrosome (%) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in Zn-supplemented groups, especially in an organic form (Zn-Met) as compared to the control group. Results revealed improved (P<0.01) in semen characteristics with advancing age in Fertilizing ability of bucks was increased significantly (P<0.05) from 60.0% (36/60) in the control group to 66.67% (40/60), 75.0% (45/60), 75.0% (45/60) and 80.0% (48/60) in bucks groups fed diets supplemented with 100 mg ZnSO4 and 200 mg ZnSO4, 100 mg Zn-Met and 200 mg Zn-Met/kg diet, respectively. Inclusion 200 mg Zn-Met/kg diet improved insignificantly fertilizing ability of bucks compared to 100 mg Zn-Met/kg diet. Results revealed positive correlation between testosterone concentration and sperm cell concentration, motility, live sperm, intact acrosome percentages and fertilizing ability rate (r= 0.649, 0.598, 0.550, 0.548 and 0.731, respectively; P<0.001). It can be concluded that dietary Zn supplementation, especially in an organic form of rabbit bucks improved testosterone concentration and semen characteristics, which could result in better fertility.
Key words: Rabbit, zinc inorganic & organic, growth, blood, semen quality, fertility.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of different additive supplementations on weaning rabbits, given individually or in a combination, on growth performance, carcass traits, some blood biochemical parameters and cecum microflora. One hundred and sixty weaned New-Zealand White rabbits (NZW), at 5 week of age, weighing an average of 653g, were divided into equal eight groups ( 20/ each), Rabbits in group one received basal diet. Rabbits of groups 2, 3, 4 received diet supplemented with sodium gluconate (SG) 4g/kg diet, mannan 1g/kg diet or potassium diformate (KDF) at 4.5 g/kg diet, respectively. While, rabbits of groups 5, 6, 7 and 8 received diet supplemented with a combination of (SG+MOS), (SG+KDF), (MOS+KDF) and (SG+MOS+KDF), respectively. The rabbits houses were made of available local materials (mud, wood etc...,). Rabbits were fed ad libitum on pelleted ration contain 17.7% Crude protein, 2531 kcal/kg Metabolizable energy (ME), 12.7% Crude fiber. The study was conducted during fattening period (5-13 weeks of age) from April to June 2012.
The results showed that supplementation with additives, individually or in mixture, significantly increased e marketing body weight and body weight gain compared to the controls. However, feed conversion improved in all treated groups. Feed intake was insignificantly increased in all treated groups. Carcass traits was improved significantly in all treated groups. Hemoglobin concentrations, white blood cells counts, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased significantly in all treated groups compared to the control group. Hematocrit values, total protein and creatinine increased insignificantly in all treated groups compared to the control groups. Significant reduction was observed in blood pH and urea nitrogen compared to the control. Count of E.coli, total anaerobic bacteria, cecum pH and ammonia concentration significantly decreased in all treated groups compared to the control. However, lactobacilli account and total volatile acids were significantly increased while mortality rate decreased in all treated groups. Economical efficiency improved in groups received the additives.
It was concluded that using of sodium gluocnate, mannan and potassium diformate ,either separate or in combination, in diet of weaning rabbits had beneficial effects throughout the growing period such as decreased in cecum microflora, improved hematological parameters and productive traits.
Key words: sodium gluconate, mannan, potassium diformate, rabbit performance

Two developed strains of laying hens "Silver Montazah and Matrouh" strains from 22-42 weeks of age were used in the present study. They were housed in floor pens divided into eight treatments including 2 environmental temperature, 2 lighting programs, 2 selenium yeast levels or their combinations. Heat stressed birds exposed to 39 ± 1 °C for 4 hours/day for 4 consecutive days, while the control exposed to the normal ambient temperature (from 23 to 24°C). Selenium Yeast was added to rations with a concentration of 0.4 mg/kg diet.
Results showed that: body weight, body weight gain and growth rate of Silver Montazah strain was significantly higher than Matrouh strain. Heat stress and 18 hr. light decreased these traits compared with control. Organic selenium significantly improved the productive performance of both strains. Feed intake (F1) was higher in Silver Montazah than Matrouh strain. Heat stress and 18 hr. lighting regime decreased F1 compared with control, while selenium yeast increased feed consumption compared with control. Heat stress significantly increased the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) but the expression of HSP 90, HSP60 and HSP40 was not significant compared with control. A significant increase in the expression of HSP70, HSP60 and HSP40 and non significant increase in HSP90 for 18 hr. compared with 16 hr. light groups. Silver Montazah strain was higher significantly in the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 compared with Matrouh strain. The addition of anti stress reduced the expression of all types of HSPs.
Heat stress and 18 hr. light reduced the immune responses (antibody production) against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), Newcastle virus and Influenza virus compared with control, while using selenium yeast increased these immune responses. Body temperature (BT) and respiration rate (RR) in heat stressed hens were significantly higher than those of control, and in Silver Montazah than Matrouh strain, but this increase was not significant. Also, BT and RR were higher in the treatments that subjected to 18 hr. light compared with 16 hr. Addition of anti stress exerted positive effect by reducing both BT and RR under heat stress condition. Mortality rate (MR) was significantly higher in heat stressed and 18 hr light-exposed hens compared with controls also in Silver Montazah than Matrouh strain. Organic Se reduced MR, but this reduction was not significant. Heat stress had the same negative effect as the treatment of 18 hr. light on blood measurements, where they caused a reduction in both plasma total protein and globulin concentration, elevation of albumin concentration, but the differences were not significant. Calcium and phosphorus were reduced, but total cholesterol and T3 hormone were increased. Egg production rate was higher in short light regime, and in Silver Montazah strain than Matrouh strain. Heat stress reduced egg production rate but the addition of organic selenium had a positive effect on this respect. Heat stress and 18 hr. lighting treatment decreased all egg quality traits compared with control.
It is recommended to supply 0.4 mg/kg diet organic selenium for laying hens diet to improve their performance.
Key Words: heat stress, light program, selenium yeast, laying hens, performance, blood parameters.

A total of 30 New Zealand White (NZW) and 30 Baladi Black (BB) rabbit does was used as donors of oocytes as well as 6 fertile bucks, (3 NZW and 3 BB) were used for semen collection of achieving in vitro fertilization in this study.
The present study included three experiments.
1.EXPERIMENT I:
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect different sources and levels of antioxidants on in vitro maturation NZW and BB rabbit oocytes. In this experiment, a total of 20 NZW and 20 BB rabbit does was slaughtered as oocyte donors. After slaughter, ovarian characteristics of each doe including weight and number of follicles, oocytes were collected using slicing technique. After slicing, oocytes recovered were washed, examined under stereomicroscopy and classified according to their compaction, number of cumulus cell layers and homogeneity of ooplasm. Five types of maturation medium (TCM-199) were used for in vitro maturation, including TCM-199 supplemented with 2 or 3 mM of ascorbic acid and 0.05 or 1 mM of reduced glutathione
(C10H17N3O6S) (GSH) as compared to control medium. After 20 has a maturation period, oocytes were washed, loaded on clean slide, stained and examined for maturation under phase-contrast microscopy.
2. EXPERIMENT II:
This experiment aimed to determine the effect of different sources and levels of capacitation substance on in vitro capacitation of NZW and BB rabbit spermatozoa. Semen ejaculates were collected and the jelly mass of each ejaculate was discarded and net volume of semen was measured. Each ejaculate was evaluated for progressive motility, live sperm, sperm abnormality and sperm cell concentration.
A total of 7 types of capacitation media was prepared and supplemented with 6 levels of capacitation substances including 25, 30 and 35 µg/ml of heparin and 25, 50 and 75 µm/ml of calcium ionophor in addition to the control medium without supplementation was used for sperm capacitation.
Semen of three bucks from each breed on each collection day was pooled and assigned into 7 portions for each level of capacitation substance. Acrosome reaction test was conducted for each source and level of capacitation substance and different forms of spermatozoa detected during the acrosome reaction were recorded.
3. EXPERIMENT III:
Based on the best results of source and level of antioxidant during in vitro maturation and the type and level of in vitro capacitation substance, in vitro fertilization was conducted in this experiment. Fertilizing rate after 24 hand developmental competence of embryos at different embryonic stages after 72 h was investigated.
In conclusion. the present study indicated that:
1-There were significant differences between NZW and BB in ovarian
weight and number of follicles or oocytes per ovary or doe, being significantly higher in BB than in NZW breed However, oocyte recovery rate was not affected by rabbit breed, being 88.34 and 90.16% in NZW
and BB breeds.
2- Supplementation of TCM-199 with AA had a beneficial effect on in
vitro maturation of rabbit oocytes; and that can be achieved at levels of 2 mM for NZW and 3 mM supplemental AA for BB oocytes.
3- Semen collected from BB bucks was of good quality than that obtained from NZW bucks under the Egyptian condition.
4- Heparin supplementation at a level of 35 µg/ml had beneficial effect
rather than other heparin levels or all calcium ionophor levels on sperm capacitation used for in vitro fertilization for NZW and BB breeds.
These findings may indicate the beneficial effects of antioxidant supplementation of in vitro maturation medium with different sources and
levels on in vitro fertilization rate of BB and also NZW breed rather than effects of antioxidants on in vitro development of embryos.

The present work was conducted to evaluate crude glycerin as untraditional energy source in broiler diets through determination of the chemical composition of tested crude glycerin, apparent metabolizable energy of crude glycerin, and evaluating the effect of increasing levels of crude glycerin in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood constituents.
In this study, 300 one-day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used. During the first week of age chicks were fed a starter com-soy diet without glycerin.
Chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, with 3 replicates, 20 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Broilers fed diets containing five levels of crude glycerin, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of the diet. The body weight, feed consumption were recorded weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated.
The analysis of crude glycerin that was obtained from local soap manufacturer was 84.65% glycerol, 10.17% moisture, 3.41 % Na, and 3,445 kcal/kg gross energy, AME was 3312 kcal/kg.
Birds fed diets with glycerin at 6 and 8% recoded significant the highest increase in body weight and body weight gain values than those fed the control diet without glycerin. The level of 6% crude glycerin recorded the highest body weight and body weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio at 42 days and during the over all period, while the level of 2% crude glycerin gave the lowest body weight and the worst feed conversion ratio.
The average values of economical efficiency were improved with feeding broiler chicks on diets containing different levels of crude glycerin especially with level of 6 %. The average values of digestion coefficients, carcass characteristics and blood constituents were not significantly affected by treatments.
In conclusion, crude glycerin may be incorporated to a level of 8% in the diet of broiler chicks without any detrimental effect on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics.
Key words: Broiler chicks, crude glycerin, performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, economical study.
The present work was conducted to evaluate crude glycerin as untraditional energy source in broiler diets through determination of the chemical composition of tested crude glycerin, apparent metabolizable energy of crude glycerin, and evaluating the effect of increasing levels of crude glycerin in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood constituents.
In this study, 300 one-day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used. During the first week of age chicks were fed a starter com-soy diet without glycerin.
Chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, with 3 replicates, 20 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Broilers fed diets containing five levels of crude glycerin, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of the diet. The body weight, feed consumption were recorded weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated.
The analysis of crude glycerin that was obtained from local soap manufacturer was 84.65% glycerol, 10.17% moisture, 3.41 % Na, and 3,445 kcal/kg gross energy, AME was 3312 kcal/kg.
Birds fed diets with glycerin at 6 and 8% recoded significant the highest increase in body weight and body weight gain values than those fed the control diet without glycerin. The level of 6% crude glycerin recorded the highest body weight and body weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio at 42 days and during the over all period, while the level of 2% crude glycerin gave the lowest body weight and the worst feed conversion ratio.
The average values of economical efficiency were improved with feeding broiler chicks on diets containing different levels of crude glycerin especially with level of 6 %. The average values of digestion coefficients, carcass characteristics and blood constituents were not significantly affected by treatments.
In conclusion, crude glycerin may be incorporated to a level of 8% in the diet of broiler chicks without any detrimental effect on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics.
Key words: Broiler chicks, crude glycerin, performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, economical study.
The present work was conducted to evaluate crude glycerin as untraditional energy source in broiler diets through determination of the chemical composition of tested crude glycerin, apparent metabolizable energy of crude glycerin, and evaluating the effect of increasing levels of crude glycerin in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood constituents.
In this study, 300 one-day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used. During the first week of age chicks were fed a starter com-soy diet without glycerin.
Chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, with 3 replicates, 20 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Broilers fed diets containing five levels of crude glycerin, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of the diet. The body weight, feed consumption were recorded weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated.
The analysis of crude glycerin that was obtained from local soap manufacturer was 84.65% glycerol, 10.17% moisture, 3.41 % Na, and 3,445 kcal/kg gross energy, AME was 3312 kcal/kg.
Birds fed diets with glycerin at 6 and 8% recoded significant the highest increase in body weight and body weight gain values than those fed the control diet without glycerin. The level of 6% crude glycerin recorded the highest body weight and body weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio at 42 days and during the over all period, while the level of 2% crude glycerin gave the lowest body weight and the worst feed conversion ratio.
The average values of economical efficiency were improved with feeding broiler chicks on diets containing different levels of crude glycerin especially with level of 6 %. The average values of digestion coefficients, carcass characteristics and blood constituents were not significantly affected by treatments.
In conclusion, crude glycerin may be incorporated to a level of 8% in the diet of broiler chicks without any detrimental effect on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics.
Key words: Broiler chicks, crude glycerin, performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, economical study.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of lead and cadmium found in the environment on the performance of buffalo calves fed rations treated with yeast, zinc and EDTA. Twenty animals from Mehalet-Mousa farm were used, five animals for each treatment. Treatments included: the control in which animals were fed a non-treated ration and three treatments, in which animal were fed rations supplemented with yeast, zinc or EDTA. Hematological and biochemical measurements were obtained for all animals in each treatment. The measurements of lead and cadmium residues in each of water, ration, blood, liver, kidney and eye muscles were obtained for three animals in each treatment Levels were than the significantly higher. The concentrations of lead and cadmium were 1.22 and 0.22 ppm in water and were 0.73 and 0.5ppm in ration, respectively. These normal levels of 0.05 and 0.001 ppm for lead and cadmium, respectively. The results significantly showed higher concentration of hemoglobin in the animals treated with yeast, zinc and EDTA, being 14.82, 16.18 and 17.41 g/dl respectively, compared with 12.43g/dl for than the control treatment. The PCV concentration was significantly higher in EDTA treatment (37.39 g/dl) compared to 35.64, 35.80 and 34.40 g/dl for the yeast, zinc and control treatments, respectively. All treatments showed significant reduction in creatinine concentration than the control treatment. Residues of lead and cadmium in blood plasma were less in yeast, zinc and EDTA treatments compared to the control treatment. Yeast, zinc and EDTA treatments resulted significantly in lower levels of lead (0.27, 0.25 and 0.24 ppm) compared to 0.54 ppm in the control treatment. While significant differences were recorded in the residues cadmium being 0.05, 0.04 and 0.04 ppm in yeast, zinc and EDTA treatments compared to 0.09ppm for the control treatment. The levels of lead in liver significantly differed among different treatments and ranged between 0.72 to 0.16 ppm in all treatments. While the levels of lead in kidney were significantly higher in yeast, zinc and EDTA compared to the control treatment, being 0.28, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.92 ppm respectively. The levels of lead in eye muscles significantly differ among different treatments being 0.15, 0.12, 0.07 and 0.05 ppm for yeast, zinc, EDTA and control treatments respectively. The levels of cadmium in liver were significantly differed among different treatments, being the highest (0.52 ppm) in the control treatment and the lowest (0.20 ppm) in the EDTA treatment. In kidney, cadmium level was the highest in the control treatment (0.41 ppm) and the lowest (0.27ppm) in the EDTA treatment. In eye muscles, cadmium level ranged between 0.04 to 0.02 ppm in all treatments. The initial body weight was 195±5 kg for all treatments. Average daily gain was higher in the yeast treatment (0.46 kg) compared with those zinc, EDTA and control treatments (0.41, 0.41 and 0.43 kg, respectively). It is concluded that treating rations with, yeast, zinc or EDTA can reduce in growth .Moreover, animals fed EDTA ration showed the lowest residues compared, to the animals fed yeast and zinc ration.
Key words: Lead, cadmium, yeast, zinc, EDTA, blood, meat, rations, kidney, liver.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding some organic acids on broiler performance. Two experiments were conducted. The aim of the first experiment was to evaluate six selected organic acids (OAs) being formic (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0% FA); fumaric (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % FDA); acetic (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 %AC); citric (1, 2 and 3%CA); propionic (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% PA) and butyric acids (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% BA). The best type and level of the OAs used in the first experiment were evaluated through the second experiment which aimed at studying the effective use of FA at 0.5%, AC at 0.25%, BA at 0.2% and CA at 2% as mixtures. A total number of 513 (Exp.1) and 330 (Exp.2) one - day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into 19 (Exp. 1) and 11 treatment groups (Exp. 2), each in 3 replicates. In both experiments, the first group was fed the basal diet without supplementation and served as a control treatment. While, the other groups received the basal diet supplemented with the tested organic acids. Each experiment was lasted when chicks were 42 day old. Performance, pH of different GIT segments, organ morphology, cecal bacteria, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility were measured. In experiment l any of the tested OAs increased significantly body weight, weight gain, EPEI and improved FCR, compared to the control. .No great differences in mortality were observed among all the treatments. Dietary OAs improved nutrition digestibility of the experimental diets compared to the control. Dietary OAs significantly reduced the pH of different GIT segments compared to the control. Blood plasma content of Ca, P, TP and globulin were increased significantly by supplementing 0.5% FA, 0.5% FDA, 0.25% AC, 2%CA, 0.5% P A and 0.2% BA in the basal diet, compared to the control. Feeding dietary AC, CA, PA and BA led to sharp increase in ceca content of lactobacillus. Dietary 0.25% FA, O.5%FUA, 1% and 2% CA, 0.5% PA and BA at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% reduced E.coli count, compared to the control. Villus height was significantly increased by feeding all OAs. Moreover, relative weights of lymphoid organs of chicks fed OAs were significantly higher than the control.
In experiment 2, most of OAs mixtures improved body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and EPEI, compared to the control. Dietary OAs mixtures improved nutrition digestibility of the experimental diets compared to the control. Dietary OAs mixtures significantly reduced the pH of different GIT segments compared to the control. Most of OAs mixtures increased significantly lactobacillus count and lowered significantly the population of the anaerobic and E. coli count of ceca. Blood plasma content of Ca, P, TP and globulin were increased significantly by feeding OAs mixtures, compared to the control. Relative weights of lymphoid organs of chicks fed OAs mixtures were mostly higher than the control.
In conclusion, 0.5% FA, 0.5% FUA, 0.25% AC, 2% CA, 0.5% P A and 0.2% BA as hi additives may enhance the growth performance and produce healthy broilers with a higher immune status to resist enteric pathogens and infectious diseases. Moreover, using OA as a single gives better result than mixtures.
Keywords: Organic acid, broiler, growth, digestibility, blood, pH, morphology, cecal.

The current study was carried out at the Poultry Research Station and the laboratories belonging to the Animal and Poultry Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture during the period from March to December 2008. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two probiotics, (effective microorganism (EM) and Zinc bactracin) to the diets of Inshas chickens on growth performance, immunity, blood constituents, semen quality, digestibility and economical benefit.
To achieve these goals a total number of (540) one-day- old chicks were used. The chicks were weighed, wing banded and randomly divided into six experimental groups of 90 unsexed vaccinated chicks (three replicates for each group) .The chicks were housed in floor pens with an evenly decreasing day length from 24 hours in the first week to 11 hours during growing period (12-20) wk and then 17 hours throughtout laying period (20-41 )wk. The birds were placed in a room maintained at a constant temperature of (26±3) ºC and a relative humidity of (70±3) %. Feed and water were available all the time ad libitum. The chickens were vaccinated as young layer chicks with live attenuated vaccines for Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and a polyvalent bacterin for fowl cholera at different ages from 4
to 95 days.
The experimental design consisted of six experimental groups:
control and 5 dietary treatments as follows; (T1) Basal diet ( control ), (T2) Basal diet + EM (2.5 ml/kg diet ), (T3) Basal diet + EM (5.0 ml/kg
diet), (T4) Basal diet + EM (7.5 ml/kg diet), (T5) Basal diet + EM (10.0 ml/kg diet) and (T6) Basal diet + Zinc bactracin (500 mg/kg).
Experimental dietary treatment started at the age of 4 weeks and lasted for 40wk .
Three basal diets were offered to birds. A starter diet during the
period (4-12) wk containing 19.66% CP, 2806.56 kcal ME ; a grower diet during the period (12-20) wk containing 15.76 % CP , 2725.30 kcal ME ;and a laying diet during the period (20-40) wk containing 17.52 % CP , 2718.51 kcal ME.
Characteristics investigated included :Live body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization, egg weight age, egg Production traits ( egg number and egg mass/ hen ), egg quality, egg chemical analysis ( egg cholesterol and egg protein %), semen quality ( semen volume, sperm motility %, sperm cell concentration (xl06/ml) and sperm abnormal and dead), fertility, hatchability and chick weight, serum biochemical estimates (total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, total Lipids, AST, AL T, uric acid, creatinine and antioxidant enzymes{glutathion peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT)and superoxide dismutase (SOD)}); hematological Parameters (total RBC's and WBC's counts, differential leukocytic count, hematocrite %, H / L ratio), mmune response( HI and CMI ), bacteria enumeration (aerobic plate count (xl06g), E. coli, salmonella, staphylococci and coccidia ovum), digestibility coefficients, morphometric analysis of the gut (villi height, villi thickness and villi surface area)and histopathology (intestine, spleen and live).
Results obtained could be summarized as follows;
1-The feed additives were significantly (P<0.001) increased final body weight, and body weight gain in all treatments as compared with control.
2- Chicks fed 7.5 ml/kg diet and 10.0 ml/kg diet diets recorded the highest vales of feed intake, but the lowest values were obtained for those fed Zinc bactracin (500 mg/kg), 5.0 m/kg diet and 2.5 ml/kg
diet diets.
3-Feed conversion was significantly improved by many different levels of EM and Zinc bacitracin during the whole experimental period ( 4 to 40 weeks of age) expect the period from 12 to 16 weeks of age as compared with control diet.
4-Feed additives ( EM and Zinc bactracin )improved (P <0.001) egg number during laying period. Egg number was significantly increased by 28% in the hens fed 10.0 ml/kg diet as compared
with control diet.
5-Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly decreased in chicks fed diets with Feed additives as compared with the control diet, while egg protein percentage was significantly ( P<0.05) increased in birds fed diets with different levels of EM ( 5; 7.5 and 10 ml/kg diet.
6- Semen quality was significantly increased in cocks fed T2 to T6 diet, although the highest improve was in T6 as compared with those fed control diet, it is lead to improve fertility percentage.
7-Serum total protein was significantly increased in chickens fed EM and Zinc bactracin diets as compared with those fed control diet, while Serum cholesterol and total1ipids were decreased (P<0.0l and P<0.001) for groups fed diets supplemented with different levels of
EM or Zinc bactracin as compared with the control.
8-The addition of EM with different levels and Zinc bactracin to the
chicks diets had significant increased in HI antibody response, and CMI.
9- Peed additives were significantly (P<0.01) reduction in counts of total viable bacteria, E. coli, salmonella, staphylococci and Coccidia ovum in caecum comparing with untreated control diet.
10- Digestibility coefficient were significantly increased in chicks fed feed additives (EM and ZN) diets as compared with chicks kept on control diet.
11- Villi height, Villi thickness and Villi Surface Area were significantly increased in birds fed EM and Zinc bacitracin diet as compared with those control.
12- EM treatments with all different levels and zinc bacitracin were
significantly increased ( P<0.001) economical efficiency as compared with control group, although The highest value of economical efficiency was noticed for chicks fed T3 (5.0 ml EM /kg diet) diet as compared with other diets.
Thus, on the basis of the achieved results in the present study effective microorganism (EM) if available, could be recommended as an efficient improve performance and immunity for chickens.

A total number of ten multiparous Friesian cows at last one or two months of pregnancy were used. They were ranging from the second to the fourth parities, and their age ranged between three to six years. The average weight of cows was 459.0±43.9 kg at parturition. All cows were milked twice daily; and fat corrected milk based on 3.5% was estimated. In addition, all blood constituents were measured colorimetrically meanwhile direct single antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique was performed for plasma triiodothyronine (T3) whereas leptin (Lep) analysis was; done using DRG® leptin (Sandwich) ELISA. The aim of this study was to determine plasma leptin (pLep) concentration of Friesian dairy cows throughout one month before parturition and during early lactation period till peak lactation; and its relation to body weight, body condition score, some blood metabolites, productive and reproductive status.The days postpartum (DPP) significantly affects most of plasma variables except plasma leptin and T3. Meanwhile milk leptin (mLep) was significantly affected by DPP (P<0.0528). In addition pLep concentration started to decrease one month pre-partum and reached 3.29 ng/dl at parturition and continued in low level; during postpartum period and reached its minimum at 60 DPP (2.71ng/dl). Plasma leptin concentration correlated positively with plasma cholesterol (r=0.31; P<0.0173) and negatively with milk solids not-fat percent (r=-0.34; P<0.0274), solid not-fat yield (r=-0.26; P<0.0985) and milk protein yield (r=-0.28; P<0.0695). In addition to the significant correlation between milk serum leptin concentrations and plasma glucose concentrations which was r=0.39; P<0.0415. Otherwise milk serum leptin did not show notable correlations with milk constituents. Plasma leptin concentration of the cows was higher in the second and fourth parities than that of the third parity cows. Calving intervals and days open are increased in cows in the 3rd than those in the 2nd and 4th parities. Moreover, correlation coefficients of milk yield and milk components among plasma constituents were estimated.Current data revealed that there is an insignificant negative correlation between plasma leptin and milk serum leptin concentrations (r=-0.09). Using simple linear regression, regression coefficient estimates were obtained for pLep as regressed by mLep and its reverse.

The present study was carried out at EI-Gimmizah Poultry Research
Farm in EI-Gahrbia governorate, Agriculture Research Center (ARC),
Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, from October to November 2005.
The objective of the present studies was to evaluate the effect of using three different sources of selenium: Sel-PlexTM (SP-organic), OSY-NRCE (ON-organic) and sodium selenite (SS, 45 % Se) at levels of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/kg diet of Gimmizah layer strain. Such evaluation was carried out under the stress of the presence of 250 mEq of peroxide number/kg of oil obtained by oxidized palm oil dietary supplementation. Layers performance, produced egg quality, egg selenium concentrations, digestion coefficients of nutrients and some feeding values of the experimental diets were determined for the purpose of evaluation and comparisons.
A total number of birds 306 (255 layers and 51 cocks) 35 wks old of
Gimmizah strain were randomly divided into seventeen equal group (15 layers and 3 cocks/group) allotted to the seventeen experimental diets. Birds were housed individually in separate standard galvanized layer cages (open system). Prior to the study the com, soybean meal and wheat bran that composed the basal diets were analyzed for CP and ME contents which were 16.5 % and 2745 kcal/kg, respectively, and for total selenium contents which was 0.13 mg/kg diet and fed to the experimental birds till the start of the experiment. The experimental diets were formulated to be isocaloric -isonitrogenous according to the nutritionally requirements recommended by NRC (1994). Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Photoperiod was 17 h. (natural and artificial) and the ambient temperature ranged from 20 - 23°C. Birds of the first group were fed the basal layer diet [containing the adequate level of Se (0.13 mg/kg diet, as nutritionally recommended by NRC, 1994) and served as positive control diet (+Cont)]. Whereas, birds of the second group were fed the basal diet which contained the oxidized palm oil and free from Se supplementation and served as negative control diet (-Cont). Birds from the third to seventeenth groups were fed the basal diet of negative control and supplemented with either, SP, OS or SS as sources of selenium. Each source of Se was supplemented at five experimental dietary levels (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/kg diet). The experiment lasted for 8 wks.
Main important results could be summarized as follow:
1- Group fed the positive control diet (+Cont) resulted in statistically the
highest values of body weight, change in body weight and daily feed intake and the lowest percentage of mortality. Whereas, those fed SP-diets recorded the lowest values of feed conversion ratio (kg feed/ kg eggs). The same trend was obtained with those fed the highest level of Se supplementation (400 µg/kg diet) in the same order.
2- Addition of SP showed the highest rates of egg production, however, the best values of egg weight, number and mass were obtained with group fed +Cont diet. Level of 400 µg Se/kg diet recorded the best values of all egg production criteria.
3- Birds of +Cont and those fed 400 µg of Se/kg diet recorded the highest values of determined digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE, %) and estimated feeding values [NB (%) and ME (kcal/kg diet)].
4- Addition of SP resulted in the highest values of retention of selenium in the chicken bodies.
5- SP resulted in statistically the highest value of yolk Se concentration and albumen Se concentration.
6- Birds fed +Cont diet recorded the highest values of egg shape index, shell and yolk quality studied criteria and Haugh units score and the lowest percentage of albumen.
7- Group fed+ Cont and 400 µg Se/kg diet groups showed the highest percentages of fertility, hatchability and newly hatched chicks-weight and the lowest values of embryonic mortalities.
8- In general, based on obtained experimental results reported herein, it may be concluded that there are some beneficial effects of selenium supplementation (especially organic source, Sel-PlexTM) at level of 400 µg Se/kg in laying hen diets to alleviate the adverse effects of oxidized fats. It is also favorite to conclude that further researches are needed to understand and make use of all the beneficial effects of Se in laying hens nutrition.